Table 2.

Incidence rate of effort-reward imbalance by demographic characteristics.

Subgroups	Categories	No. of studies	Sample size	Heterogeneity		Incidence rate (%)	95%CI	Q	p
				I2 (%)	p
Gender	Male	4	2030	55.2	0.08	65.4	(59.0, 71.7)	0.31	0.58
	Female	4	16,369	97.3	<0.001	69.4	(56.5, 82.3)
Age(year)	≤25	3	3,802	95.1	<0.001	61.1	(45.4, 76.9)	2.24	0.33
	26–35	3	11,264	48.5	0.14	62.4	(59.5, 65.2)
	>35	5	3,871	84.4	<0.001	69.3	(60.6, 77.9)
Educational level	Junior college and below	7	11,158	96.8	<0.001	59.5	(50.1, 68.9)	<0.01	0.97
	Undergraduate or above	7	9,168	92.9	<0.001	59.2	(52.2, 66.3)
Years of service	≤5	5	10,847	85.2	<0.001	62.6	(55.4, 69.9)	5.23	0.07
	6–10	4	4,861	70.6	0.02	68.3	(61.9, 74.4)
	>10	5	2,974	92.1	<0.001	77.8	(66.9, 88.6)
Marital status	Unmarried/other	5	11,933	98.3	<0.001	64.7	(51.3, 78.1)	0.56	0.46
	Married	5	7,181	70.0	0.01	59.1	(53.3, 64.9)
Publication year	<2010	4	22,284	98.9	<0.001	26.6	(6.8, 46.4)	15.45	0.001
	2010–2015	22	20,651	99.7	<0.001	42.4	(32.1, 52.8)
	2016–2020	23	9,915	99.4	<0.001	60.2	(49.6, 70.7)
	2021–2023	11	26,794	99.8	<0.001	65.0	(51.5, 78.4)
Continent	Asia	39	41,622	99.3	<0.001	57.4	(51.8, 63.1)	9.54	0.02
	Europe	7	32,706	99.7	<0.001	38.8	(28.0, 49.6)
	North America	6	1,139	99.0	<0.001	49.0	(24.2, 73.7)
	South America	8	4,461	99.9	<0.001	42.7	(13.8, 71.6)
Sampling method	Convenient sampling	35	65,439	99.9	<0.001	51.9	(42.0, 61.9)	0.01	0.91
	other	25	14,205	99.8	<0.001	52.9	(39.9, 65.9)
Type of nurses	Department of emergency	4	21,363	96.3	<0.001	68.7	(62.9, 74.5)	21.99	<0.001
	Operation room	3	464	63.8	0.06	71.8	(64.5, 79.0)
	Department of pediatrics	3	459	99.2	<0.001	65.8	(32.2, 99.3)
	ICU	3	715	98.7	<0.001	64.6	(27.7, 100.0)
	No categories	47	53,930	99.8	<0.001	49.0	(41.4, 56.6)