TABLE 1.
Selected staphylococcal elements associated with specific hosts
| MGE | MGE-associated determinants putatively involved with virulence/resistance/host specificitya | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Human | ||
| ΦSa3 (β-hemolysin converting phage) | sea, sep, scn, chp, and sak genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin A and P, staphylococcal complement inhibitor, chemotaxis inhibitory protein and plasminogen activator staphylokinase, respectively | 43 |
| MGE | Type I restriction modification system | 43 |
| Ruminant | ||
| SaPIbov | Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (sec-bovine) and L (sel), toxic shock syndrome toxin tst (TSST-1) | 171, 172 |
| Enterotoxin gene cluster | Gene cluster encoding 5 enterotoxins (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo) | 171, 173 |
| Not described | Superantigen-like proteins encoded by ssl07 and ssl08 | 54 |
| SaPIbov4 | vWbp with ruminant-specific activity | 63 |
| Non-mec staphylococcal cassette chromosome | LPXTG-surface protein | 53 |
| SCC-mecC | mecC | 79 |
| Equine | ||
| ΦSaeq1 | Contains immune modulators with equine-specific activity scn gene encoding staphylococcal complement inhibitor | 163 |
| lukPQ genes encoding the bipartite leukocidin PQ | 162 | |
| SaPIeq1 | Encodes vWbp able to coagulate equine and ruminant plasma | 63 |
| Porcine | ||
| Plasmid | SCCmec | 43 |
| Plasmid | Resistance to heavy metals | 43 |
| SaPI-S0385 | Composite of SaPI5 and SaPIbov1Unique region at 3′ end encoding extracellular proteins with similarity to staphylococcal complement inhibitor and vWbp | 146 |
| Avian | ||
| ΦAvβ (β-hemolysin-converting phage) | Putative ornithine cyclodeaminase 38% amino acid identity to ornithine cyclodeaminase made by Bacillus cereusHMM match to ornithine cyclodeaminase/mu-crystalin family (PF02423)Putative membrane protease 27% amino acid identity to Plnl (membrane-bound protease of CAAX family) made by Lactobacillus plantarum; HMM match to CAAX amino terminal protease family | 40 |
| ΦAv1 | Ear-like protein ear previously identified in pathogenicity islands SaPI1, SaPI3, SaPI5, and SaPImw2 ear encodes β-lactamase-like protein | 40 |
| SaPIAv | Putative virulence region Novel hypothetical proteins in accessory region A3 where virulence genes such as tst and eta are located in other SaPIs SAAV_0806: signal peptide, 1 transmembrane helix SAAV_0810: signal peptide, 4 transmembrane helices May suggest role as membrane transporter | 40 |
| pAvX | Thiol protease ScpA 99.5% amino acid identity to ScpA (GenBank accession no. AB071596) previously identified among chicken isolates from Japan Suggested role in poultry dermatitisLysophospholipase 42% amino acid identity to a lysophospholipase encoded by Bacillus clausii Bacterial phospholipases are known virulence factors implicated in disease pathogenesis | 40 |
| pAvY | N/A | |
| pT181 | Tetracycline resistance | 102, 108 |
| pT127 | Tetracycline resistance | 102, 108 |
| pC194 | Chloramphenicol resistance | 102, 108 |
| pC221 | Chloramphenicol resistance | 102, 108 |
| pC223 | Chloramphenicol resistance | 102, 108 |
| pUB112 | Chloramphenicol resistance | 102, 108 |
a
HMM: hidden Markov model; N/A: not applicable.