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. 2024 May 30;4(7):998–1013. doi: 10.1038/s43587-024-00631-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 4 — a, Velocity projection graph in UMAP embedding and Velocity pseudotime. b, UMAP graph highlighting predicted root and endpoints that correlated with germline stem cells and oocytes, respectively. c, Strip chart showing the percentage of germ nuclei in different regions of the germline at different ages. * P <0.05, one-way ANOVA test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. n = 3 biologically independent samples for each time point. Data are presented as mean values +/− SD. d, Heatmaps showing that gene expression temporal patterns along the developmental progression of germ cells are disrupted with aging. e, Heatmaps showing gene expression levels along the distal-proximal axis of the germline. Genes related to DNA synthesis, chromatin assembly, protein folding and degradation, and mRNA processing show age-related decrease in the proximal end of the germline.