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. 2024 Jul 10;4(7):939–948. doi: 10.1038/s43587-024-00655-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 6 — Three increasingly complex sets of covariates were considered: 1) age and sex (where traits had not been sex-stratified), 2) further adjustment for a core set of six lifestyle and health covariates (BMI, alcohol consumption, social deprivation, educational attainment, smoking status and physical activity) and 3) further adjustment for an extended set of 18 biochemistry and physical attributes that are measurable in clinical settings. Performance when using only the ProteinScores was also considered. When modelled alongside age and sex, 26 possible covariates were therefore used in maximally-adjusted models. Created with BioRender.com.