Table 3.

Procedure and treatment time for the inactivation of asbestos

Sample	Procedure	Time/Temp	Ref
Chrysotile fibers	Microwave-assisted acid treatment	8–20 min/100 ºC	This work
Chrysotile fibers and cement	Thermochemical treatment	10–24 h/100 ºC	Nam et al. (2014)
Asbestos-cement	High-energy milling	1–3 h/25 ºC	Iwaszko et al. (2018a)
Asbestos-cement waste	Vitrification process	90 min/1400 ºC	Iwaszko et al. (2018b)
Chrysotile asbestos	Acid leaching treatment	10 days/26 ºC	Valouma et al. (2017)
Chrysotile asbestos	Acid leaching treatment	9 days/25 ºC	Rozalen and Huertas (2013)
Chrysotile asbestos	Acid leaching treatment	16 h/25ºC	Sugama et al. (1998)
Cement-asbestos	Vitrification	5 h/1600 ºC	Dellisanti et al. (2009)
Amosite	Grinding/Thermal treatment	10 min/800 ºC	Bloise et al. (2018)
Crocidolite	Grinding/Thermal treatment	10 min/850 ºC	Bloise et al. (2018)
Chrysotile	Grinding/Thermal treatment	10 min/820 ºC	Bloise et al. (2018)
Chrysotile	Thermal treatment	830 ºC	Kusiorowski et al. (2012)
Asbestos-containing materials	Thermal treatment	1000 ºC	Kusiorowski et al. (2013)
Actinolite	Thermal treatment	1030 ºC	Bloise (2023b)
Tremolite	Thermal treatment	1000–1150 ºC	Bloise (2023a, 2023b)
Asbestos fibres	Thermal treatment	1100ºC	Bloise et al. (2016)
Cement-asbestos	Thermal treatment	1200ºC	Gualtieri and Boccaletti (2011)
Cement-asbestos	Thermal treatment	1200ºC	Gualtieri et al. (2011)
Cement-asbestos	Thermal treatment	750ºC	Gualtieri et al. (2012)
Chrysotile fibres	Biological technique	15 months	Favero-Longo et al. (2007)