Table 3.
Corruption mitigation—examples, ethical responsibilities and principles, approaches, and scopes
| Example | Source | Ethical Responsibilities | Ethical Principles | Approach | Scope | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Society | Profession | Peers | Create safe, resilient and sustainable infrastructure | Treat all persons with respect, dignity and fairness | Consider the current and anticipated needs of society | Utilize knowledge and skills to enhance quality of life | Preventive | Educational | Punitive | Strategic | Tactical | Operational | ||
| Zero tolerance policies | WEF (2016), World Bank (2016), Integrity Vice Presidency (2016) | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Ensure transparency in the planning process | Bertot et al. (2010) | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Open contracting using standard documents | World Bank, 2020a, 2020b | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||
| Oversight and reporting systems | Theunynck, 2002, Wong & Guggenheim, 2005 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Using best practices for maintenance, operations and monitoring | Gorgulu et al., 2020 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Proper management of materials | Yeheyis et al., 2013 | X | X | X | X | |||||||||