Table 1.

Exosomal PD-L1 expression predicts the response to immunotherapy in NSCLC patients

Author year	Sample size	Line of ICI	Treatment	Exosome detection method	Endpoint	Conclusion
Yuting Wang [30]	149	1/2/more	Immunomonotherapy and ICI combination therapy	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)	Progression-free survival (PFS), disease control rate (DCR)	The expression level of exosomal PD-L1 was lower at pretreatment or the max fold increasing change was higher at 3–6 weeks; had a higher DCR and longer PFS
Shayista Akbar [31] 2023	17	–	Immunomonotherapy or chemotherapy-immunotherapy	–	Tumor response, best overall response (BOR)	Exosomal PD-L1 is potential biomarker to monitor response to ICIs therapy and can predict the clinical outcomes in NSCLC patients
Yoshihisa Shimada [32]	120	2	17 patients underwent postoperative recurrence and anti-PD-1 treatment	ELISA	recurrence-free survival (RFS), DCR	Exosomal PD-L1 levels were significantly correlated with tumor PD-L1 levels and the number of CD8 + tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL), helping to predict anti-PD-1 response and clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC
Yang Q [33]	21	–	Anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy	Simoa™ PD-L1 Reagent Kit	PFS, Overall survival (OS), BOR	Increased expression of PD-L1 mRNA, exosomal PD-L1, or both in early stage of ICI treatment could serve as positive biomarkers of efficacy and OS in advanced NSCLC patients