Table 3.
Intervention effect on hypothesized intermediate outcomes by level of the social ecological model, Family Health = Family Wealth intervention pilot trial, Uganda, 2021–22
| FH=FW Intervention (35 couples, n=69) | Comparator WASH Intervention (35 couples, n=70) | Intervention Effect by Time Point Arm*Time | Overall Intervention Effect Arm*Time | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=69) | Women (n=35) | Men (n=34) | Total (n=70) | Women (n=35) | Men (n=35) | b (SE) / AOR (95% CI) | p | Wald | p | |
| Individual level | ||||||||||
|
|
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| Knowledge of contraceptives | 35.20 | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.59 (0.16) | 0.61 (0.15) | 0.57 (0.17) | 0.40 (0.07) | <0.001 * | ||
| 7-months | 0.99 (0.26) | 0.99 (0.03) | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.62 (0.15) | 0.68 (0.12) | 0.56 (0.15) | 0.41 (0.07) | <0.001 * | ||
| Baseline (ref) | 0.63 (0.32) | 0.77 (0.24) | 0.49 (0.34) | 0.52 (0.22) | 0.58 (0.20) | 0.45 (0.23) | ||||
| Family planning attitudes | 64.53 | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | 3.27 (0.32) | 3.25 (0.30) | 3.29 (0.34) | 2.22 (0.57) | 2.22 (0.59) | 2.21 (0.56) | 0.79 (0.14) | <0.001 * | ||
| 7-months | 3.56 (0.39) | 3.60 (0.37) | 3.51 (0.41) | 2.23 (0.62) | 2.19 (0.65) | 2.27 (0.59) | 1.08 (0.14) | <0.001 * | ||
| Baseline (ref) | 2.76 (0.51) | 2.76 (0.49) | 2.76 (0.54) | 2.58 (0.55) | 2.58 (0.56) | 2.58 (0.56) | ||||
| Family planning intentions | 48.26 | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | 3.22 (0.36) | 3.29 (0.38) | 3.16 (0.34) | 2.12 (0.63) | 2.14 (0.64) | 2.10 (0.63) | 0.20 (0.10) | 0.04 | ||
| 7-months | 3.65 (0.42) | 3.74 (0.38) | 3.54 (0.44) | 2.02 (0.97) | 2.04 (0.97) | 2.00 (0.97) | 0.68 (0.12) | <0.001 * | ||
| Baseline | 3.14 (0.43) | 3.19 (0.44) | 3.08 (0.42) | 2.20 (0.59) | 2.21 (0.59) | 2.20 (0.59) | ||||
| Gender inequitable attitudes | 19.46 | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | 1.33 (0.12) | 1.29 (0.10) | 1.37 (0.12) | 1.80 (0.09) | 1.81 (0.09) | 1.79 (0.09) | −0.17 (0.04) | <0.001 * | ||
| 7-months | 1.32 (0.18) | 1.28 (0.14) | 1.36 (0.20) | 1.74 (0.12) | 1.74 (0.10) | 1.74 (0.14) | −0.13 (0.05) | 0.008 * | ||
| Baseline (ref) | 1.41 (0.24) | 1.38 (0.21) | 1.44 (0.27) | 1.70 (0.20) | 1.69 (0.22) | 1.72 (0.18) | ||||
|
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| Interpersonal level | ||||||||||
|
|
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| Partner communication about family planning | 78.81 | 0.001 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | 2.61 (0.48) | 2.61 (0.49) | 2.60 (0.49) | 0.91 (0.70) | 1.75 (1.04) | 0.91 (0.70) | 1.65 (0.19) | 0.001 * | ||
| 7-months | 2.84 (0.34) | 2.86 (0.31) | 2.82 (0.37) | 1.61 (0.54) | 2.22 (0.76) | 1.59 (0.54) | 1.19 (0.18) | <0.001 * | ||
| Baseline (ref) | 1.89 (0.73) | 1.83 (0.74) | 1.94 (0.73) | 1.82 (0.46) | 1.85 (0.61) | 1.79 (0.47) | ||||
| Shared household decision-making | 13.40 | 0.001 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 1.00 (0.00) | 0.87 (0.19) | 0.87 (0.19) | 0.87 (0.20) | 0.21 (0.06) | <0.001 * | ||
| 7-months | 0.97 (0.17) | 0.97 (0.17) | 0.97 (0.17) | 0.91 (0.23) | 0.91 (0.23) | 0.91 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.07) | 0.07 | ||
| Baseline (ref) | 0.75 (0.29) | 0.78 (0.30) | 0.72 (0.28) | 0.84 (0.26) | 0.83 (0.27) | 0.85 (0.25) | ||||
| Any fertility discordance between partners | 10.42 | 0.005 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | ||||||||||
| Yes | 3 (8.6%) | 27 (77.1%) | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.71 | ||||||
| No (ref) | 31 (88.6%) | 8 (22.9%) | ||||||||
| 7-months | ||||||||||
| Yes | 19 (54.3%) | 12 (34.3%) | 1.36 (0.99–1.85) | 0.05 | ||||||
| No (ref) | 15 (42.9%) | 23 (65.7%) | ||||||||
| Baseline | ||||||||||
| Yes | 15 (42.9%) | 18 (51.4%) | ||||||||
| No (ref) | 20 (57.1%) | 17 (48.6%) | ||||||||
|
|
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| Community level | ||||||||||
|
|
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| Perceived family planning norms | 23.89 | <0.001 * | ||||||||
| 10-months | 0.95 (0.13) | 0.96 (0.11) | 0.94 (0.15) | 0.87 (0.28) | 0.86 (0.29) | 0.88 (0.29) | 0.19 (0.05) | <0.001 * | ||
| 7-months | 0.96 (0.12) | 0.95 (0.13) | 0.98 (0.09) | 0.75 (0.36) | 0.78 (0.35) | 0.72 (0.38) | 0.31 (0.06) | <0.001 * | ||
| Baseline (ref) | 0.86 (0.21) | 0.88 (0.15) | 0.84 (0.25) | 0.93 (0.21) | 0.94 (0.20) | 0.92 (0.23) | ||||
Abbreviations M=mean, SD=standard deviation, b=unstandardized beta, SE=standard error, AOR=adjusted odds ratio, CI=confidence interval, bold indicates p < 0.05,
*
indicates p < 0.006 (more conservative cut-off chosen by dividing 0.05 by the number of tests conducted)
Notes: Models control for age and religion. Time*Intervention*Gender effects are reported in text for outcomes for which there was a statistically significant gender interaction. Any fertility discordance between partners is measured at the couple level (N=70).