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. 2024 Jul 18;14:16647. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67582-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Polarization ellipse orientation map of the Poincaré–Bessel beam showing the infinite series of C-point singularity pairs. The white and black circles identify the star (polarization ellipse varying from 0 − π in the counterclockwise direction) and lemon (polarization ellipse varying from 0 − π in the clockwise direction) singularities, respectively. The insets show the polarization distribution and corresponding polarization ellipse orientation at C-point singularities.