Table 1.
Trends in women empowerment (SWPER index) by rural–urban and wealth quintile
| Characteristics | SWPER score: attitude to violence, mean (SD) | p value a | SWPER score: autonomy/social independence, mean (SD) | p value | SWPER score: decision making, mean (SD) | p value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | ||||
| Residence | ||||||||||||
| Rural | −1.067 (0.973) | −0.855 (1.059) | −0.687 (1.117) | <0.01 | −0.56 (0.622) | −0.515 (0.639) | −0.458 (0.694) | <0.01 | −0.164 (0.766) | 0.021 (0.737) | 0.207 (0.783) | <0.01 |
| Urban | −0.296 (1.014) | −0.076 (1.086) | 0.18 (0.951) | <0.01 | 0.169 (1.024) | 0.046 (0.992) | 0.466 (1.135) | 0.05 | 0.56 (0.747) | 0.347 (0.756) | 0.659 (0.692) | 0.37 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
| Q1: Poorest | −1.12 (0.896) | −0.963 (1.02) | −0.714 (1.162) | <0.01 | −0.5 (0.676) | −0.569 (0.611) | −0.535 (0.648) | <0.01 | −0.291 (0.82) | −0.106 (0.78) | 0.151 (0.812) | <0.01 |
| Q2: Second | −1.093 (0.957) | −0.935 (1.033) | −0.706 (1.102) | <0.01 | −0.621 (0.598) | −0.535 (0.61) | −0.529 (0.597) | <0.01 | −0.185 (0.779) | −0.009 (0.734) | 0.177 (0.795) | <0.01 |
| Q3: Middle | −1.083 (1.012) | −0.776 (1.077) | −0.758 (1.097) | <0.01 | −0.585 (0.611) | −0.524 (0.631) | −0.463 (0.687) | 0.07 | −0.071 (0.708) | 0.054 (0.657) | 0.252 (0.819) | <0.01 |
| Q4: Fourth | −1.04 (1) | −0.734 (1.091) | −0.517 (1.079) | <0.01 | −0.541 (0.633) | −0.445 (0.633) | −0.26 (0.826) | <0.01 | −0.086 (0.749) | 0.125 (0.722) | 0.261 (0.729) | <0.01 |
| Q5: Richest | −0.578 (1.064) | −0.177 (1.112) | −0.049 (1.09) | <0.01 | −0.182 (0.883) | −0.014 (1.001) | 0.242 (1.125) | <0.01 | 0.169 (0.838) | 0.365 (0.76) | 0.549 (0.688) | <0.01 |
| National | −1.012 (0.996) | −0.754 (1.094) | −0.584 (1.133) | <0.01 | −0.507 (0.686) | −0.442 (0.72) | −0.348 (0.817) | <0.01 | −0.112 (0.788) | 0.064 (0.748) | 0.261 (0.787) | <0.01 |
| Low (%) b | 67.9 | 55.2 | 48.9 | 53 | 48.8 | 46.6 | 14.1 | 12.1 | 9.9 | |||
| Medium (%) | 17.3 | 21.3 | 20.1 | 34.4 | 38 | 35.6 | 74 | 71.5 | 68.1 | |||
| High (%) | 14.8 | 23.5 | 31.0 | 12.5 | 13.2 | 17.8 | 11.8 | 16.4 | 22 | |||
Abbreviations: SWPER, survey‐based women's empowerment index.
a
p values from comparison of means across time using linear regression. Differences between mean scores within a given year (2005,11,16) was statistically significant by rural–urban (independent t test) and by wealth quintile (linear regression) at p < 0.01 (not shown).
b
Proportion of women with low, medium and high SWPER scores; SD, standard deviation.