Table 3.

Types of multi-criteria guidelines for judging food.

Types of guidelines	Era	Food tends to be judged by criteria such as …	The criteria are shaped by …
Old	Much of human history	Size, shape, colour, smell, taste, cost, availability, familiarity, experience, culture, religious rules	What is available; cultural and religious rules; regional food availability
New	20th century	Growth of choice, newness, excitement, modernity, packaging, marketing & branding, speed, time	New industrial and production techniques and foods; growth of food trade
New 3.0 or Emerging	21st century	Impacts on climate, water use, biodiversity, public health, fairness, morality, simplicity, ‘hidden’ waste, animal welfare, circularity	Rising awareness of food’s sustainability crisis and its long-term not just short- term effects