Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial evaluating an integrated care van for people who inject drugs, Baltimore, Maryland, June 2018 to August 2019
| Characteristic1 | Overall (n=720) | Usual services (n=360) | Integrated care van (n=360) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50 (39, 55) | 48 (38, 54) | 51.5 (41, 57) |
| Gender2 | |||
| Male | 444 (61.7) | 218 (60.6) | 226 (62.8) |
| Female | 276 (38.3) | 142 (39.4) | 134 (37.2) |
| Race | |||
| Black | 523 (72.6) | 253 (70.3) | 270 (75.0) |
| White | 163 (22.6) | 88 (24.4) | 75 (20.8) |
| Other | 34 (4.7) | 19 (5.3) | 15 (4.2) |
| Hispanic | 17 (2.4) | 10 (2.8) | 7 (1.9) |
| Marital status | |||
| Never married | 457 (63.5) | 226 (62.8) | 231 (64.2) |
| Married | 90 (12.5) | 53 (14.7) | 37 (10.3) |
| Divorced/separated | 134 (18.6) | 63 (17.5) | 71 (19.7) |
| Widowed | 39 (5.4) | 18 (5.0) | 21 (5.8) |
| Education | |||
| Less than high school | 267 (37.1) | 123 (34.2) | 144 (40.0) |
| High school graduate or equivalency | 303 (42.1) | 160 (44.4) | 143 (39.7) |
| At least some college | 150 (20.8) | 77 (21.4) | 73 (20.3) |
| Currently employed | 91 (12.6) | 45 (12.5) | 46 (12.8) |
| Currently have health insurance | 654 (90.8) | 319 (88.6) | 335 (93.1) |
| Current housing | |||
| Own house or apartment | 347 (48.3) | 155 (43.2) | 192 (53.3) |
| Staying with family or friends | 294 (40.9) | 164 (45.7) | 130 (36.1) |
| Residential drug treatment | 10 (1.4) | 4 (1.1) | 6 (1.7) |
| Homeless | 68 (9.5) | 36 (10.0) | 32 (8.9) |
| High risk alcohol use3 | 363 (53.0) | 177 (50.3) | 186 (55.9) |
| Age when first injected drugs, years | 21 (17, 27) | 22 (17, 29) | 21 (17, 26) |
| Injected drugs in prior 30 days | 707 (98.2) | 354 (98.3) | 353 (98.1) |
| Number of days injected in prior 30 days | 30 (21, 30) | 30 (23, 30) | 30 (20, 30) |
| Used a needle or syringe after someone else in prior 6 months | 256 (35.6) | 122 (33.9) | 134 (37.2) |
| Receiving MOUD | 261 (36.3) | 97 (26.9) | 164 (45.6) |
| Methadone | 213 (29.6) | 74 (20.6) | 139 (38.6) |
| Buprenorphine | 48 (6.7) | 23 (6.4) | 25 (6.9) |
| Used HIV PrEP in prior 6 months | 5 (0.7%) | 3 (0.8%) | 2 (0.6%) |
| Urine drug test positivity | |||
| Fentanyl4 | 613 (85.1) | 330 (91.7) | 283 (78.6) |
| Heroin4 | 258 (35.8) | 147 (40.8) | 111 (30.8) |
| Cocaine4 | 573 (79.6) | 288 (80.0) | 285 (79.2) |
| Amphetamine or methamphetamine | 12 (1.7) | 5 (1.4) | 7 (1.9) |
| Methadone4 | 322 (44.7) | 121 (33.6) | 201 (55.8) |
| Buprenorphine4 | 29 (4.0) | 14 (3.9) | 15 (4.2) |
| HCV seropositive | 431 (59.9) | 191 (53.1) | 240 (66.7) |
| HCV RNA detectable5 | 290 (65.9) | 117 (59.4) | 173 (71.2) |
| HIV-positive | 81 (11.2) | 40 (11.1) | 41 (11.4) |
| HIV RNA >200 copies/mL6 | 37 (46.0) | 19 (48.0) | 18 (44) |
| Composite harm mitigation score, mean (SD)7 | 7.35 (1.82) | 7.32 (1.89) | 7.37 (1.74) |
HCV, hepatitis C virus; MOUD, medication for opioid use disorder; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; PWID, people who inject drugs; SD, standard deviation
Categorical and continuous variables shown as n (%) and median (25th percentile, 75th percentile), respectively, unless otherwise specified.
Includes male-to-female and female-to-male transgender persons.
High-risk alcohol use defined by score ≥ 3 for women or ≥ 4 for men on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise (AUDIT-C).
Detection of fentanyl or norfentanyl considered fentanyl positive; detection of morphine or 6-acetylmorphine considered heroin positive; detection of cocaine or benzoylecgonine considered cocaine positive; detection of methadone or 2-ethlene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) considered positive for methadone; detection of norbuprenorphine or buprenorphine-glucuronide considered positive for buprenorphine.
Percentages reflect number with detectable HCV RNA among HCV seropositive individuals.
Percentages reflect number with HIV RNA >200 copies/mL among HIV seropositive individuals.
Score based on service access, risk behaviors, and adverse events relevant to PWID (Table 1) with a range of 0 to 13 or 15 (depending on HIV and HCV status), where higher scores indicate poorer service access/risk/health outcome indicators