| • Positive family history | • Age | • Male sex |
| Modifiable risk factors | • Hypertension | • Smoking |
| • Hypercholesterolaemia | • Sedentary lifestyle | • Diabetes |
| • Left ventricular | • Excessive alcohol | • Uric acid |
| hypertrophy | intake | • Renin |
| • Overweight and obesity | • Lp(a) lipoprotein | |
| Uncertain risk factors | • Fibrinogen | |
| • Hypertriglyceridaemia | • C reactive protein | |
| • Microalbuminuria | ||
| • Hyperhomocysteinaemia | ||
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