Table 1.
The characteristics of participants with or without dental caries.
| Variables | Total (n = 18804) | People without dental caries (n = 3387) | People with dental caries (n = 15417) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cotinine, n (%) | χ2 = 63.72 | <0.001 | |||
| ≤10 ng/mL | 14320 (76.42) | 2779 (82.80) | 11541 (74.62) | ||
| >10 ng/mL | 4484 (23.58) | 608 (17.20) | 3876 (25.38) | ||
| Total sugar, n (%) | χ2 = 44.36 | <0.001 | |||
| ≤19.5%E | 9166 (49.97) | 1877 (57.58) | 7289 (47.82) | ||
| >19.5%E | 9638 (50.03) | 1510 (42.42) | 8128 (52.18) | ||
| Cotinine and total sugar level, n (%) | χ2 = 100.48 | <0.001 | |||
| Cotinine ≤10 ng/mL and total sugar ≤19.5%E | 7095 (38.84) | 1533 (47.24) | 5562 (36.47) | ||
| Cotinine >10 ng/mL and total sugar ≤19.5%E | 2071 (11.13) | 344 (10.34) | 1727 (11.35) | ||
| Cotinine ≤10 ng/mL and total sugar >19.5%E | 7225 (37.58) | 1246 (35.56) | 5979 (38.15) | ||
| Cotinine >10 ng/mL and total sugar >19.5%E | 2413 (12.45) | 264 (6.85) | 2149 (14.03) | ||
| Age, years, Mean (S.E) | 46.81 (0.35) | 36.39 (0.53) | 49.75 (0.31) | t = −26.95 | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 7.24 | 0.007 | |||
| Male | 9230 (48.89) | 1712 (51.92) | 7518 (48.04) | ||
| Female | 9574 (51.11) | 1675 (48.08) | 7899 (51.96) | ||
| Race, n (%) | χ2 = 9.16 | 0.010 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 7215 (64.93) | 1208 (64.79) | 6007 (64.97) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 4162 (10.98) | 615 (8.93) | 3547 (11.56) | ||
| Others | 7427 (24.09) | 1564 (26.28) | 5863 (23.47) | ||
| Education, n (%) | χ2 = 95.68 | <0.001 | |||
| <high school | 3832 (13.40) | 392 (6.85) | 3440 (15.24) | ||
| high school | 4218 (22.75) | 611 (18.19) | 3607 (24.04) | ||
| >high school | 10754 (63.85) | 2384 (74.95) | 8370 (60.72) | ||
| PIR, n (%) | χ2 = 7.19 | 0.007 | |||
| <1.0 | 4192 (15.48) | 631 (12.68) | 3561 (16.27) | ||
| ≥1.0 | 14612 (84.52) | 2756 (87.32) | 11856 (83.73) | ||
| Drinking, n (%) | χ2 = 8.14 | 0.004 | |||
| <Once/week | 14610 (73.00) | 2711 (76.51) | 11899 (72.01) | ||
| ≥Once/week | 4194 (27.00) | 676 (23.49) | 3518 (27.99) | ||
| Physical activity, n (%) | χ2 = 98.31 | <0.001 | |||
| <450 MET × minutes/week | 1848 (9.28) | 277 (7.70) | 1571 (9.72) | ||
| ≥450 MET × minutes/week | 12402 (69.98) | 2599 (79.18) | 9803 (67.38) | ||
| Unknown | 4554 (20.74) | 511 (13.12) | 4043 (22.89) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | χ2 = 244.58 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 10439 (59.53) | 2622 (76.89) | 7817 (54.64) | ||
| Yes | 8365 (40.47) | 765 (23.11) | 7600 (45.36) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | χ2 = 103.15 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 15296 (85.49) | 3131 (93.14) | 12165 (83.33) | ||
| Yes | 3508 (14.51) | 256 (6.86) | 3252 (16.67) | ||
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | χ2 = 143.35 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 6074 (32.24) | 1613 (44.31) | 4461 (28.84) | ||
| Yes | 12730 (67.76) | 1774 (55.69) | 10956 (71.16) | ||
| CVD, n (%) | χ2 = 194.53 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 15026 (82.68) | 3130 (91.73) | 11896 (80.13) | ||
| Yes | 3778 (17.32) | 257 (8.27) | 3521 (19.87) | ||
| Bone loss around teeth, n (%) | χ2 = 67.31 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 16485 (87.89) | 3223 (94.95) | 13262 (85.90) | ||
| Yes | 2319 (12.11) | 164 (5.05) | 2155 (14.10) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2, Mean (S.E) | 29.18 (0.12) | 28.76 (0.24) | 29.30 (0.12) | t = −2.23 | 0.029 |
| WBC, 1000 cells/uL, Mean (S.E) | 7.34 (0.04) | 7.31 (0.05) | 7.35 (0.04) | t = −0.66 | 0.510 |
| Carbohydrate, gm, Mean (S.E) | 254.38 (1.27) | 252.00 (3.30) | 255.05 (1.50) | t = −0.79 | 0.432 |
| Fiber intake, gm, Mean (S.E) | 17.43 (0.19) | 18.06 (0.34) | 17.26 (0.19) | t = 2.32 | 0.023 |
| Last dental visit, n (%) | χ2 = 17.35 | <0.001 | |||
| <1 year | 10336 (60.25) | 2003 (63.31) | 8333 (59.39) | ||
| 1–5 years | 5377 (26.25) | 932 (26.25) | 4445 (26.25) | ||
| ≥5 years | 3091 (13.51) | 452 (10.45) | 2639 (14.37) | ||
| Dental care, n (%) | χ2 = 59.23 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 14683 (81.63) | 2958 (88.75) | 11725 (79.63) | ||
| Yes | 4121 (18.37) | 429 (11.25) | 3692 (20.37) | ||
| Frequency of using dental floss, n (%) | χ2 = 478.93 | <0.001 | |||
| <7 times/week | 9915 (52.33) | 1229 (40.11) | 8686 (55.77) | ||
| ≥7 times/week | 4913 (25.87) | 579 (17.65) | 4334 (28.19) | ||
| Unknown | 3976 (21.80) | 1579 (42.24) | 2397 (16.04) | ||
| Total energy, kcal, Mean (S.E) | 2162.92 (9.14) | 2219.55 (24.46) | 2146.97 (11.15) | t = 2.48 | 0.016 |
S.E: standard error; PIR: poverty-to-income ratio; MET: metabolic equivalent of task; CVD: cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; WBC: white blood cell.