Figure 3.

Pg-OMVs-induced neurotoxicity via clathrin-dependent endocytosis and gingipain. (A) The undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with Pitstop (2 μM) for 30 min and then incubated with DiO₃-labeled Pg-OMVs (green) for another 24 h. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (B) MTT assay evaluation of the effect of Pitstop on Pg-OMVs-induced neurotoxicity. The bar represents the mean ± SEM of three different experiments (∗P < 0.05). (C) The undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with KYT-1 (1 μM) or KYT-36 (1 μM) for 30 min followed by treatment with Pg-OMVs (10 μg/mL) for 24 h. The morphology was observed using bright-field microscopy. Scale bar, 100 μm. (D) MTT assay evaluation of the effect of KYT-1 and KYT-36 on Pg-OMVs-induced neurotoxicity. (E) Bright-field morphology of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells pretreated with KYT-1 and KYT-36 followed by treatment with Pg-OMVs for 24 h. Scale bar, 100 μm.