Table 12.

Pharmacological activities of phytochemicals isolated from D. viscosa.

Phytochemicals	Part used	Extracts/essential oil	Analytical method	In vivo/In vitro	Pharmacological activity	Geographic area	References
Tomentosin	Aerial parts	-Dichloromethane extract - Ethanol extract	LC-MS/MS, TLC	In vitro	- Antidiabetic effect by inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase	Turkey	73
	Aerial parts	- Hexane extract - Methanolic extract	GC/MS, 1H and 13C NMR	In vitro	- Cytotoxic effects on HeLa and SiHa cell lines in cervical cancer by induction of apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway	Morocco	72
	Inulae flos	Ethanolic extract	HPLC, 1H and 13C NMR	In vitro	- Anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells.	Korea	109
	Flowered twigs	ND	ND	In vitro	Anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) from bee venom, cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) and leukocyte elastase.	Spain	108
	Flowers	Petroleum ether	1H 13C NMR, TLC, GC-MS	In vitro	Antifungal activity against Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes at a dose of 1 mg/mL	Italy	107
Inuviscolide	Aerial parts	Acetonic extract	TLC, 1H and 13C NMR, UV, LC	In vivo/in vivo	Anti-inflammatory effect by reduction of PLA2 induced edema in rat paws, and a reduction of Leukotriene B4 production in rat neutrophils.	Spain	55
Inuviscolide + Tomentosin	Leaves	Aqueous extract	TLC, 1H and 13C NMR	In vitro	- Antitumoral effect against human Melanoma SK-28, 624 mel, and 1363 mel cell lines by inhibited the proliferation and inducing cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis	Israel	113
Inuviscolide + Tomentosin	Leaves	Aqueous extract	TLC, 1H and 13C NMR	In vitro	Anti-inflammatory effect by the inhibition of the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and downregulation of NFκB and STAT1.	Israel	112
Dehydrocostic acid	Flowered aerial parts	Actonic extract	ND	In vivo/in vitro	Anti-inflammatory activity evidenced by inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes (elastase and sPLA2) and control of leukotriene B4 release	Spain	110
Ilicic Acid	Aerial parts	Acetonic extract	TLC, 1H and 13C NMR, UV, LC	In vivo/in vitro	Anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting ear edema induced by TPA in rats	Spain	55
Bornyl Acetate	Aerial parts	Essential oil	ND	In vitro	Antineoplastic activity against various cancers: Cervix (HeLa), Colon (HT29), Lung (A549), Breast (MCF7).	Turkey	69
Isocostic acid	Leaves	Essential oil	LC, 1H and 13C NMR, GC-FID and GC/MS	In vitro	- Antityrosinase activity, antibacterial activity and anti-inflammatory proprieties by inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase.	Tunisia	63
Nepetin, Hispidulin 3-O-methylquercetin 3,3′-di-O-methylquercetin	Aerial parts	- Ethanol extract	Column Chromatography, TLC, 1H NMR, 13C NMR	In vitro	- Antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells and antimicrobial effects	Jordan	74
1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid	Leaves	Methanolic extract	HPLC, 1Hand 13C NMR	In vitro	Antioxidant activity by direct scavenging multiple types of free radicals (FeSO4, AAPH, ROS, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals)	Israel	114
sakuranetin, 7-O-methylaromadendrin, and 3-acetyl-7-O- methylaromadendrin	Flowering aerial parts	Dichloromethane extract	TLC, 1H and 13c NMR	In vivo/in vitro	- Inflammatory activity: 7-O-methylaromadendrin: Potent against PLA2-edema (ED50 = 8 mg/kg). Sakuranetin: Effective on PLA2-edema (ED50 = 18 mg/kg); TPA-edema (ED50 = 205 μg/ear); inhibits LTB4 (IC50 = 9 μM) and 5-LOX. 3-Acetyl-7-O-methylaromadendrin: Leads TPA-edema reduction (ED50 = 185 μg/ear); inhibits LTB4 (IC50 = 15 μM) without affecting 5-LOX. Elastase Release: Sakuranetin at 100 μM inhibits release, indicating 5-LOX selectivity.	Spain	111
Taxifolin, Quercetin	Leaves	Ethanolic extract	Column chromatography, TLC, 1D & 2D NMR	In vitro	Antioxidant activity: - ABTS: * Quercetin. IC50 = 41.27 μg/mL * Taxifolin IC50 = 142.58 μg/mL - DPPH: * Quercetin. IC50 = 62.53 μg/mL * Taxifolin IC50 = 103.46 μg/mL	Morocco	75

ND: Not determined.