Table 6.
Antibacterial, and antifungal effects of D. viscosa.
| Use Parts | Extracts | Used Method | Tested strains | Key results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerial Parts |
Methanolic extract | Disc diffusion method (2 mg/disc) Broth dilution method |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240 Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 43816 |
Ф = 25 ± 1 mm MIC = 0.25 mg mL−1 Ф = 11.33 ± 0.58 mm MIC = 1 mg/mL−1 Ф = 22 ± 1 mm MIC = 0.25 mg/mL−1 Ф = 18.5 ± 0.5 mm MIC = 0.5 mg mL−1 Ф = 10.67 ± 0.58 mm MIC = 2 mg mL−1 |
87 |
| Essential oil | Microdilution assay |
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Staphylococcus aureus Clinical/MRSA Staphylococcus epidermidis Human Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 Streptococcus agalactiae Clinical Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111 (1/2a) Bacillus cereus Food Clostridium perfringens Food Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 Candida albicans ATCC 90029 Aspergillus niger Food |
MIC = 2.8 mg mL−1 MBC = 2.8 mg mL−1 MIC = 5.6 mg mL−1 MBC = 5.6 mg mL−1 MIC = 1.4 mg mL−1 MBC = 1.4 mg mL−1 MIC = 0.09 mg mL−1 MBC = 0.09 mg mL−1 MIC = 0.09 mg mL−1 MBC = 0.09 mg mL−1 MIC = 1.4 mg mL−1 MBC = 2.8 mg mL−1 MIC = 2.8 mg mL−1 MBC = 2.8 mg mL−1 MIC = 0.7 mg mL−1 MBC = 0.7 mg mL−1 MIC = 0.09 mg mL−1 MBC = 0.09 mg mL−1 MIC = 2.8 mg mL−1 MBC = 2.8 mg mL−1 MIC = 5.6 mg mL−1 MBC = 5.6 mg mL−1 MIC50 = 2.8 mg mL−1 MBC50 = 5.6 mg mL−1 MIC50 = 0.09 mg mL−1 MBC50 = 5.6 mg mL−1 |
3 | |
| Aerial parts | Essential oil | Disk diffusion method |
Staphylococcus aureus E. enterica Klebsiella pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus (SARM) ESBL/BLSE Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Listeria monocytogenes Proteus mirabilis Enterobacter cloacae Acetobacter sp Serratia marcescens Bacillus cereus Enterococcus faecalis Serratia liquefaciens |
Ф = 26.84 (mm) Ф = 24.94 (mm) Ф = 21.43 (mm) Ф = 21.04 (mm) Ф = 19.54 (mm) Ф = 19.04 (mm) Ф = 17.47 (mm) Ф = 17.31 (mm) Ф = 16.85 (mm) Ф = 14.67 (mm) Ф = 14.51 (mm) Ф = 14.32 (mm) Ф = 14.11 (mm) Ф = 13.30 (mm) Ф = 13.18 (mm) |
88 |
| Aqueous extract Methanol extract |
Disc diffusion assay |
Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC19615 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 Salmonella typhimurium ATCC14028 Serratia marcescens ATCC 8100 Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315 Enterobacter cloacae ATCC23355 Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 |
Ф = 16.8 mm (Water) Ф = 16.8 mm (MeOH) Ф = 14.0 mm (Water) Ф = 14.0 mm (MeOH) Ф = 10.4 mm (Water) Ф = 16.4 mm (MeOH) No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition No inhibition |
22 | |
| Leaves | Essential oil | Disk Diffusion Method Microdilution method |
Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumonia Staphylococcus aureus Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
Ф = 9.5 ± 0.5 (mm) MIC = 0.406 (mg/mL) Resistant MIC = 1.625 (mg/mL) Resistant MIC = 0.406 (mg/mL) Ф = 31.0 ± 1.5 (mm) MIC = 0.101 (mg/mL) Ф = 20.4 ± 0.5 (mm) MIC = 0.203 (mg/mL) Ф = 28.0 ± 1.0 (mm) MIC = 3.250 (mg/mL) |
16 |
| polyphenolic compounds were extracted from the leaves by maceration in methanol and hexane fractionation | Disk diffusion method Microdilution method |
Morganella morganii Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli |
Ф = 21.0 (mm) MIC = 25 mg/mL Ф = 21.0 (mm) MIC = 50 mg/mL Ф = 20.5 (mm) MIC = 0.39 mg/mL Ф = 17.0 (mm) MIC = 100 mg/mL Ф = 19.0 (mm) MIC = 50 mg/mL Ф = 15.0 (mm) MIC = 0.39 mg/mL Ф = 10.8 (mm) MIC = 100 mg/mL |
89 | |
| Lipid extract of D. viscosa leaves | Disk diffusion method (50 mg/mL LLE) Broth Microdilution method |
Candida prapsilosis ATCC 22019 Candida krusei ATCC 6258 Candida albicans CD1378 Candida albicans CD1407 Candida albicans CD1408 Malassezia pachydermatis CD 112 Malassezia pachydermatis CD 90 Malassezia furfur CBS1978 Malassezia furfur CD 1006 Malassezia furfur CD1029 |
Ф = 8.0 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 10.0 μg/mL Ф = 10.5 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 5.0 μg/mL Ф = 9.5 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 10.0 μg/mL Ф = 10.2 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 10.0 μg/mL Ф = 9.25 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 10.0 μg/mL Ф = 16.5 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 5.0 μg/mL Ф = 17.5 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 5.0 μg/mL Ф = 12.0 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 5.0 μg/mL Ф = 10.3 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 5.0 μg/mL Ф = 8.5 mm MIC = 5.0 μg/mL MFC = 5.0 μg/mL |
90 | |
| Leaves Flower buds' parts |
Ethanol extract Methanol extract Aqueous extract |
– |
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Klebsiella pneumoniae S20/16 food |
MICs = 125 mg/mL (leaves) MICs = 250 mg/mL (flowers) MIC = 250 mg/mL (leaves) No inhibition (flowers) MIC = 250 mg/mL (leaves) No inhibition (flowers) MIC = 250 mg/mL (leaves) No inhibition (flowers) |
77 |