Table 9.

Anti-inflammatory activity of D. viscosa.

Part Used	Extracts	Experimental approach	Key results	References
Leaves	Hydro-ethanolic extract	Carrageenan-induced paw edema (500 mg/kg)	The D. viscosa extract had significantly inhibited the paw edema mice after 6 h at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight in comparison to the other groups.	91
	Aqueous extract	- Carrageenan-induced paw inflammation - measured the expression of inducible iNOS, MyD88, TLR-4, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) release from LPS-stimulated J774A.1 macrophages	- Decreased the production of NO - Dose-dependent in vivo and in vitro inhibition of the expression of iNOS - Moderate reduction in paw edema after 6 h of carrageenan	94
	Lipid extract (LLE)	Elastase enzyme Inhibition Activity	I = 25% (1 mg/mL) I = 45% (5 mg/mL) I = 72% (10 mg/mL) I = 82% (0.2 mg/mL) Epigallocatechin Gallate	90
Aerial parts	Methanolic extracts at different concentrations	In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity inhibition of albumin denaturation	I = 18.16 % (1.2 mg/mL) I = 35.43 % (1.6 mg/mL) I = 44.44 % (2 mg/mL)	78
Leaves and Flowers	Methanolic extracts. Decoctions of leaves and flowers.	Carrageenan-induced paw edema	Major reduction of the paw edema after 4 h.	92