FIGURE 2.

Therapeutic interventions to modulate the gut microbiota. Supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, FOS, GOS) regulates gut microbiota, reduces intestinal mucosal injury, inhibits proinflammatory response, and inhibits oxidative reaction. FMT reduces intestinal inflammation, corrects gut disorder, and ameliorates neuroinflammation. Dietary interventions (Mediterranean diet, ketogenic diet, and intermittent fasting) can protective cognitive function, anti‐inflammatory effects, and neuroprotective effects. These therapeutic interventions act on the gut–brain axis through neural, immune, and metabolic signaling pathways to improve gut health and, in turn, neurological disorders progression.