TABLE 3.
Modulation of the gut microbiota for therapeutic intervention.
| Diseases | Subjects | Operation | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | ||||
| AD | AD patients | Lactobacillus rhamnosus HA‐114 or Bifidobacterium longum R0175 | Probiotic supplementation improved cognitive status in AD patients. | 246 |
| AD patients | Multistrain probiotic supplements | Delayed the development of cognitive dysfunction. | 247 | |
| APP/PS1 mice | Bifidobacterium breve HNXY26M4 | Reduce cognitive defects in mice, inhibit nerve inflammation and synaptic dysfunction, and regulating intestinal steady state. | 248 | |
| d‐galactose/AlCl3‐induced AD rats | Akkermansia muciniphila | Alleviated cognitive impairment, reduced the deposition of Aβ1‐42, and increased the abundance of SCFA‐producing bacteria. | 249 | |
| APP/PS1 mice | Saccharomyces boulardii | Saccharomyces boulardii treatment improved dysbiosis, alleviated the neuroinflammation as well as synaptic injury, and ultimately improved cognitive impairment. | 250 | |
| PD | PD patients | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota (LcS) | LcS intervention significantly alleviated patients' constipation‐related symptoms and nonmotor symptoms. | 251 |
| Rotenone‐induced PD mice | Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM405 | Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM405 ameliorated motor deficits and constipation, decreased dopaminergic neuronal death, reduced intestinal inflammation and neuroinflammation. | 212 | |
| MPTP‐induced PD mice | Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 | Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 could delay the neurodegeneration caused by the accumulation of α‐SYN via suppressing oxidative stress, repressing proinflammatory response, and modulating gut microbiota. | 252 | |
| MPTP‐induced PD mice | Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP) | PP treatment improved the gut microbial dysbiosis and increased the level of GABA. | 253 | |
| 6‐Hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐induced PD rats | Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP‐32 (AP‐32), residual medium (RM), and combination of AP‐32 and RM (A‐RM) | AP‐32, RM, and A‐RM supplementation induced neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons along with improved motor functions. | 254 | |
| ASD | ASD patients | SB‐121, a combination of Lactobacillus reuteri, Sephadex® (dextran microparticles) | Vineland‐3 measures showed significant improvement in adaptive behavior. | 255 |
| MIA mice | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N‐1 (LPN‐1) | Reduced autism‐like behaviors, enhancd the relative abundance of the pivotal microorganisms of Allobaculum and Oscillospira, while reducing those harmful ones like Sutterella at the genus level. | 256 | |
| Rodent model of autism | bee pollen and probiotic‐treated | The synergistic treatment of bee pollen and probiotics showed neuroprotective and antioxidant effects. | 257 | |
| ASD mice | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ST‐III‐fermented milk | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ST‐III can help improve social behavior in a male mouse model of ASD and contribute to more balanced intestinal homeostasis. | 258 | |
| ADHD | ADHD patients | Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bf‐688) | Symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity improved, and the composition of the gut microbiota was markedly altered. | 259 |
| Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6 (BAA6) | BAA6 improved memory function by ameliorating hippocampal damage, abnormal neurotransmitter release and cerebral inflammation. | 260 | |
| Anxiety | Anxious patients | Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 | Increase total SCFAs and the secretion of anti‐inflammatory, as well as decreased proinflammatory cytokines. | 261 |
| Depression | MDD patients | Multispecies probiotics | Multispecies probiotics affects the stool metabolomic profile. | 262 |
| MDD patients | Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 | Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 attenuated depression and gastrointestinal disorders. | 263 | |
| Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model mice | Lactobacillus reuteri strain 8008 | Lactobacillus reuteri attenuated depressive‐like behavior, improved blood lipids and insulin resistance, reduced inflammation in liver and adipose tissues, improved intestinal tight junctions. | 264 | |
| Social defeat stress (SDS) mice | Lactobacillus paragasseri OLL2809 | OLL2809 ameliorated depression‐like behaviors, induced neurite outgrowth in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus were increased by OLL2809 treatment. | 265 | |
| Prebiotics | ||||
| AD | 5×FAD mice | Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) | MOS attenuated the cognitive deficits, reshaped microbiome and enhanced SCFAs formation. MOS balanced the brain redox status and suppressed the neuroinflammatory responses. | 266 |
| (APP/PS1) transgenic Tg mice | Fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) | FOS treatment ameliorated cognitive deficits and pathological changes in the Tg mice. | 267 | |
| PD | PD patients | Resistant starch (RS) | RS intervention increased fecal butyrate concentrations significantly, dropped fecal calprotectin concentrations, and reduce in nonmotor symptom load. | 268 |
| ASD | BTBR mice | Prebiotic (PRE; 10% oligofructose‐enriched inulin, Orafti®Synergy1, Beneo, Mannheim, Germany) | Probiotic and symbiotic treatments improved sociability and repetitive behavior. | 269 |
| Depression and anxiety | Chronic restraint stress (CRS) mice | Fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) and Galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) | The gut microbiota, gut and blood–brain barrier, and inflammatory response may mediate the protective effects of prebiotics on anxiety‐like behaviors. | 270 |
| FMT | ||||
| AD | 5×FAD mice | Oral gavage in Old and Young 5×FAD recipient mice from healthy B6SJL wild‐type donor mice using fecal matter | “Plaque‐busting” and behavior‐modifying effects in treated 5×FAD. | 271 |
| Sprague–Dawley rats | FMT from control subjects and Alzheimer's patients | Alzheimer's symptoms can be transferred to a healthy young organism via the gut microbiota. | 171 | |
| ADLPAPT mice | Transplantation of the fecal microbiota from WT mice into ADLPAPT mice | Transplantation ameliorated the formation of amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, glial reactivity and cognitive impairment. | 172 | |
| AD patients | Transplanted fecal microbiota were obtained from donors without GI or other health problems | All patients showed improved cognitive function after FMT compared with before FMT. | 272 | |
| a 90‐year‐old woman with Alzheimer's dementia | FMT from GI tract or other health problems, 27, male, and there is no use of drugs and antibiotics. | The patient's cognitive impairment improved. | 273 | |
| PD | MPTP‐induced PD mice | FMT from PD group and healthy human controls group | FMT from healthy human controls can correct gut dysbacteriosis and ameliorate neurodegeneration by suppressing microgliosis and astrogliosis. | 274 |
| Rotenone‐induced PD mice | Stools were collected from the control group mice delivered to recipient mouse via oral gavage | FMT treatment restored the gut microbial community, thus ameliorating the gastrointestinal dysfunctions and the motor deficits. | 95 | |
| PD patients with constipation | Frozen fecal microbiota | Patients who receive FMT experience an increase in gut microbiota abundance and relief from gait difficulties and constipation. | 275 | |
| ASD | Propionic acid (PPA) rats model of autism | Feces from healthy donor rats | FMT restored PPA inducing ecological imbalance. | 276 |
| ASD‐diagnosed children | standardized human gut microbiota that is >99% bacteria | ASD symptoms improved significantly and remained improved up to 8 weeks after the end of treatment, with an increase in overall bacterial diversity and abundance in the Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and desulfonia taxa. | 277 | |
| Depression | Fawn‐hooded (FH) rats | FMT from healthy rats model to FH rats | The gut microbiome could regulate the recipient's neurobiology and behavior via the systematic alternation of the depressive gut microbiota followed by the serum and hippocampal metabolism | 278 |
Abbreviations: AP‐32, Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius AP‐32; Bf‐688, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis A6, BAA6; Bifidobacterium bifidum; CUMS, chronic unpredictable mild stress; FH, fawn‐hooded; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation; FOS, fructo‐oligosaccharides; GOS, galacto‐oligosaccharides; LPN‐1, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum N‐1; LcS, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota; MMD, major depressive disorder; MOS, Mannan oligosaccharide; PP, Pediococcus pentosaceus; PPA, propionic acid; RM, residual medium; RS, resistant starch; SDS, social defeat stress; SHRs, spontaneously hypertensive rats.