Table 4.
Antibiogram of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of S. aureus isolated from cloacal and oral samples of wild birds.
| Serial No. | Antimicrobial class | Antimicrobial agents | MIC breakpoint (µg mL -1 ) | Wild birds S. aureus (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | I | R | S | I | R | |||
| 1 | Phenicols | Chloramphenicol | ≤ 8.00 | 16.00 | ≥ 32.00 | 26 (86.66) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (13.33) |
| 2 | Fluoroquinolone | Ciprofloxacin | ≤ 1.00 | 2.00 | ≥ 4.00 | 28 (93.33) | 1 (3.33) | 1 (3.33) |
| 3 | Lincosamides | Clindamycin | ≤ 0.50 | 1.00 - 2.00 | ≥ 4 .00 | 25 (83.33) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (16.66) |
| 4 | Lipopeptides | Daptomycin | ≤ 1.00 | - | - | 30 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
| 5 | Macrolides | Erythromycin | ≤ 0.50 | 1.00 - 2.00 | ≥ 8.00 | 20 (66.66) | 1 (3.33) | 9 (30.00) |
| 6 | Aminoglycosides | Gentamycin | ≤ 4.00 | 8.00 | ≥ 16.00 | 23 (76.66) | 4 (13.33) | 3 (10.00) |
| 7 | Fluoroquinolone | Levofloxacin | ≤ 1.00 | 2.00 | ≥ 4.00 | 29 (96.66) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (3.33) |
| 8 | Oxazolidinones | Linezolid | ≤ 4.00 | - | ≥ 8.00 | 30 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
| 9 | Fluoroquinolone | Moxifloxacin | ≤ 0.50 | 1.00 | ≥ 2.00 | 29 (96.42) | 1 (3.57) | 0 (0.00) |
| 10 | Nitrofurantoins | Nitrofurantoin | ≤ 32 | 64.00 | ≥ 128 | 25 (83.33) | 1 (3.33) | 4 (13.33) |
| 11 | Penicillin | Oxacillin | ≤ 2.00 | - | ≥ 4.00 | 13 (43.33) | 0 (0.00) | 17 (56.66) |
| 12 | Beta lactam | Penicillin | ≤ 0.12 | - | ≥ 0.25 | 25 (83.33) | 0 (0.00) | 5 (16.66) |
| 13 | Ansamycin | Rifampicin | ≤ 1.00 | 2.00 | ≥ 4.00 | 30 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
| 14 | Tetracyclines | Tetracycline | ≤ 4.00 | 8.00 | ≥ 16.00 | 20 (66.66) | 0 (0.00) | 10 (33.33) |
| 15 | Folate Pathway Antagonists | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | ≤ 2.38 | - | ≥ 4/76 | 28 (93.33) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (6.66) |
| 16 | Glycopeptides | Vancomycin | ≤ 2.00 | 4.00 - 8.00 | ≥ 16.00 | 30 (100) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
S= susceptible; I= intermediate; and R= resistant.