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The arrows show emphysematous areas in the lung. The patient is an ex-smoker with a 40-pack-year history of tobacco use, a COPD assessment test score of 21 (range 0–40; higher scores suggest greater disease effects), and a modified medical research council dyspnoea score of 3 (0–4; higher scores suggest greater dyspnoea). COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
