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. 2024 Jul 18;12:e17643. doi: 10.7717/peerj.17643

Table 5. Lifestyle and physical practices of participants by ethnicity.

Practices Chinese (n = 7) Malay (n = 5) p-value
Mean ± SD/n(%)
Lifestyle and dietary practices
Duration of sleep (hours/night) 7.9 ± 0.22 7.33 ± 0.76 0.723
No. of times wake up at night (times/night) 1.2 ± 0.1 2 ± 0 0.259
Smoker Smoker 1 (14.29) 3 (60) 0.222
Never 6 (85.71) 2 (40) 0.222
Cigarettes (cigarettes/week) 20 ± 52.92 63 ± 62.61 0.208
No. of times skip meals (breakfast, lunch or dinner) (times/week) 0.19 ± 0.5 0 0.5
Eating style Vegetarian 1 (14.29) 0 1
Non-vegetarian 6 (85.71) 5 (100) 1
Fast food/fried food/food high in salt and fat (times/week) 1 ± 0 2.4 ± 1.92 0.103
Sweet drinks/food (e.g., snacks, soda, dessert, fruits) (times/week) 4.03 ± 1.83 8.29 ± 1.05 0.023
Alcohol consumption (unit/occasion) 0.6 ± 1.34 0 0.259
Physical practices
Mode of transportation Private transport 7 (100) 5 (100)
Time spent on transportation (mins/time) 12.86 ± 23.6 12 ± 16.43 0.922
No. of days of going out (days/week) 2.29 ± 1.8 2.6 ± 2.88 1
Types of outdoor activities Dining 3 (42.86) 3 (60) 1
Exercise 1 (14.29) 1(20) 1
House visit 1 (14.29) 1 (20) 1
Entertainment 1 (14.29) 1 (20) 1
Run errands 2 (28.57) 1 (20) 1
Medical appointment 7 (100) 5 (100)
Level of exercise No exercise 1 (14.29) 0 1
Light exercise 4 (57.14) 5 (100) 0.205
Moderate exercise 2 (28.57) 0 0.47
Time spent on exercise (mins/day) 14.28 ± 9.32 20 ± 7.91 0.283
Sitting (mins/day) 124.29 ± 61.06 174 ± 13.42 0.17