Table 5.
Mean (standard deviation) kinematic data reported for the ball impact.
| Authors | Condition | Neck | Trunk | Shoulder | Elbow | Forearm | Wrist | Pelvis | Hip | Knee | Ankle | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | Incl | RA | F | Incl | RA | Tilt | F | Ab | RA | El | F | P/S | F | RA | F | Front F | Back F | Front F | Back F | ||
| Brocherie and Dinu (20) | Male | 150.3 (4.9) | 10.7 (6.6) | 19.6 (8.0) | 10.8 (7.7) | ||||||||||||||||
| Female | 161.1 (1.3) | 34.7 (4.0) | 33.5 (4.6) | −0.2 (0.7) | |||||||||||||||||
| Bingul et al. (21) | - | 104.7 (8.8) | 39.8 (7.4) | 28.7 (18.1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Elliott et al. (1) | Male | 143.0 (4.9) | 23.0 (12.3) | 26.7 (7.5) | 32.7 (4.0) | 6.2 (2.5) | −36.8 (9.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 132.5 (19.4) | 25.7 (15.6) | 19.5 (3.1) | 29.0 (4.5) | 11.2 (2.2) | −29.8 (15.8) | |||||||||||||||
| Fett et al. (24) | Ad-side | 8.0 (9.6) | 27.6 (4.4) | 114.5 (6.4) | 18.0 (8.5) | 20.5 (6.9) | 26.2 (6.4) | 5.6 (8.1) | |||||||||||||
| Deuce-side | 7.6 (9.5) | 27.2 (4.1) | 114.0 (6.4) | 18.0 (7.8) | 20.3 (6.2) | 29.1 (10.3) | 6.1 (8.2) | ||||||||||||||
| Fleisig et al. (3) | Male | 48.0 (7.0) | 101.0 (11.0) | 20.0 (4.0) | 15.0 (8.0) | 24.0 (14.0) | |||||||||||||||
| Female | 48.0 (7.0) | 101.0 (11.0) | 20.0 (4.0) | 15.0 (8.0) | 24.0 (14.0) | ||||||||||||||||
| Gillet et al. (26) | Without fatigue | 40.0 (-) | 96.0 (-) | 73.0 (-) | |||||||||||||||||
| With fatigue | 43.0 (-) | 96.0 (-) | 69.0 (-) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Reid and Giblin (12) | Normal serve | 25.1 (7.4) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Arabesque serve | 28.8 (6.6) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reid et al. (4) | Flat serve | 41.7 (7.8) | 56.4 (15.1) | 108.9 (14.1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Kick serve | 33.4 (10.2) | 67.2 (9.4) | 107.7 (19.7) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Reid et al. (29) | Foot up | 107.7 (14.6) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Foot back | 108.6 (15.2) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Mini leg drive | 110.9 (12.4) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Reid et al. (8) | Prepubescent | 27.0 (9.0) | 167.0 (14.0) | 94.0 (11.0) | 44.0 (12.0) | ||||||||||||||||
| Pubescent | 38.0 (8.0) | 171.0 (14.0) | 101.0 (11.0) | 25.0 (10.0) | |||||||||||||||||
| Adult | 40.0 (6.0) | 165.0 (6.0) | 104.0 (13.0) | 27.0 (8.0) | |||||||||||||||||
| Rogowski et al. (30) | - | 7.0 (9.0) | 103.0 (10.0) | 76.0 (15.0) | |||||||||||||||||
| Shafizadeh et al. (31) | Without opponent | 5.0 (-) | 20.0 (-) | 20.0 (-) | 29.0 (-) | 8.0 (-) | 7.0 (-) | 72.0 (-) | |||||||||||||
| With opponent | 8.0 (-) | 22.0 (-) | 30.0 (-) | 33.0 (-) | 10.0 (-) | 5.0 (-) | 77.0 (-) | ||||||||||||||
| Tubez et al. (32) | Laboratory 1 | 117.5 (19.4) | 105.0 (13.0) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Laboratory 2 | 120.3 (19.3) | 106.0 (8.0) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Wang et al. (34) | Expert | 8.4 (17.0) | 17.2 (10.7) | 4.5 (10.9) | 49.0 (13.2) | 18.0 (41.4) | 5.4 (7.8) | −7.2 (12.3) | 5.3 (2.9) | ||||||||||||
| Non-expert | 12.8 (76.2) | 5.3 (7.1) | 28.9 (27.6) | 61.7 (9.1) | 126.7 (63.9) | 79.9 (4.9) | −15.5 (42.3) | 7.8 (56.3) | |||||||||||||
| Whiteside et al. (35) | Children | 24.0 (10.0) | 92.0 (9.0) | 44.0 (13.0) | |||||||||||||||||
| Teenagers | 38.0 (10.0) | 106.0 (8.0) | 33.0 (5.0) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Profesionnals | 48.0 (4.0) | 108.0 (2.0) | 39.0 (2.0) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Whiteside et al. (6) | Prepubescent | 25.0 (7.0) | 95.0 (13.0) | 42.0 (11.0) | 94.0 (10.0) | 18.0 (13.2) | 15.9 (15.5) | −38.7 (16.9) | −37.8 (13.4) | ||||||||||||
| Pubescent | 39.0 (8.0) | 102.0 (10.0) | 26.0 (11.0) | 79.0 (10.0) | 19.3 (10.8) | 19.3 (17.5) | −46.2 (22.6) | −48.5 (18.3) | |||||||||||||
| Adult | 40.0 (6.0) | 104.0 (13.0) | 27.0 (8.0) | 75.0 (6.0) | 15.8 (8.7) | 13.9 (14.5) | −40.7 (15.1) | −41.4 (12.9) | |||||||||||||
F, flexion; Incl, inclination; RA, axial rotation; Ab, abduction; Tilt, absolute inclination; El, elevation; P/S, pronation/supination.
Negative values for ankle represent extension.