Volcano plot displaying changes out of 78 plasma proteins after 14 days of optimal (OEA) (A) (n = 11) and low energy availability (LEA) (B) (n = 12), 3 days of refueling following LEA (n = 12) (C), and the changes with acute exercise following 14 days of OEA (D) (n = 11) and LEA (E) (n = 12) (e.g., rest vs. exercise on the post-diet test days). D; Venn diagram of the proteins commonly regulated (mid) and uniquely regulated by LEA (left) and OEA (right) with exercise. Adj. p < 0.05 indicated by dashed line on the y-axis. Abbreviations: Beta-NGF: Beta-nerve growth factor, CCL-20: Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 20, CCL-28: Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 28, CCL28: Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 28, CDCP1: CUB domain-containing protein 1, CD40: Cluster of Differentiation 40, CST5: Cystatin D, CXCL-11: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11, FGF-5: Fibroblast Growth Factor 5, FGF-19: Fibroblast Growth Factor 19, FGF-21: Fibroblast Growth Factor 21, GDNF: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, IFN-γ: Interferon- γ, IL-8: Interleukin-8, IL-10RA: Interleukin-10 receptor subunit alpha, IL-18R1: Interleukin-18 receptor subunit alpha, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-4: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-4, MMP-1: Matrix metalloproteinase-1, MMP-10: Matrix metalloproteinase-10, PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1, SLAMF1: Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1, TNF: Tumor necrosis factor, TNF-β: Tumor necrosis factor-β, VEGFA: Vascular endothelial growth factor A.