Figure 3.

Electrostimulation induces angiogenesis during bone regeneration. Electrostimulation promotes the secretion of SDF-1, IL-8, MCP-1, FGF2, and VEGF. Activation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis promotes the initiation of PI3K/AKT and β-Catenin, which upregulate eNOS levels and increase intracellular NO, promoting cell proliferation. On the other hand, it also mediates cell migration via β-Catenin. VEGF and VEGFR together activate Rho/Rock signaling to promote cytoskeletal remodelling, and activate the PI3K/Akt-eNOs axis. Electrical stimulation increases CXCR2, CXCR4, and CD31 expression on the cell membrane surface, further promoting endothelial cell migration.