Table 1.

Electroactive biomaterials in the application of bone healing.

Electroactive biomaterial	Category	Pros	Cons	Ref.
BT	Piezoelectric/ferroelectric ceramic	High piezoelectric coefficiency, good biocompatibility and negligible cytotoxicity	Poor degradability, brittle and poor processibility	[[23], [24], [25], [26]]
ZnO	Piezoelectric metal oxide	Excellent biodegradability, antibacterial	Dose dependent cytotoxicity	[[27], [28], [29]]
PVDF	Piezoelectric/ferroelectric polymer	High flexibility and stiffness, similar elastic modulus to cancellous bone	Poor biodegradability, potential hear failure risk	[30,31,32]
PLA/PLLA	Piezoelectric polymer	Good biocompatibility and biodegradability	Unstable electrical power, weak mechanical property	[33,[34], [35], [36]]
CNT/GO	Carbon-based conductive material	Great mechanical property, large surface area, high conductivity	Low biodegradability, dose-dependent cytotoxicity, poor dispersion	[37,38,39,40,41]
PPy/PANi/PEDOT	Conductive polymer	Commercial convenience, good processibility	Low biodegradability, poor dispersion	[42,43,[44], [45], [46], [47],48]
Ag/Au nanoparticles	Conductive metal	Robust mechanical property, high conductivity, antibacterial	Expensive, low biodegradability	[40,[49], [50], [51], [52], [53],54]