Table 3.

Experiments with electrical parameters in vivo and in vitro.

Type	Cell/Animal	Parameters	Outcome	Ref.
AC	Human osteoblasts	0.2 V, 1.4 V, or 2.8 V were applied to the in vitro system with 20 Hz frequency	0.2 V, 1.4 V increased bone regeneration while 2.8V decreased	[107]
CC	Human osteoblasts	100 mVrms electrical stimulation	Increase in metabolic activity and expression of bone remodeling markers with reduced procollagen type 1 synthesis	[108]
DC	MC3T3	0 (control), 125, 250 and 500 mV/mm	An increase in proliferation	[109]
AC	Rat	A square pulse at a frequency of 10 Hz and a rest-insertion period of 1-s contraction followed by 4-s rest, with two different intensities of 8 or 16 mA.	Did not affect the healing process	[110]
DC	hBMSCs	2.2 V	Enhanced expression of OPN and no effect on RUNX2. Decreased ALP activity in stimulated samples.	[111]
DC	Rat	0.1–0.2 μA	Increased neovascular and endochondral bone formation	[112]
DC	Beagle dogs	10 μA and 20 μA	Significant increase in BIC after 15 days of stimulation of 20 μA compared to stimulation of 10 μA and control group. No significant results between groups after 7 days	[113]
PMEF	Rat	3850 Hz pulse frequency and 15 Hz repetition rate at 10 T/s (T/s), 30 T/s, 100 T/s, or 300 T/s	30 T/s PEMF treatment approached the efficacy of alendronate in reducing trabecular bone loss, but differed from it by not reducing bone formation rates.	[114]