Table 4.

Effect of different waveforms electrical stimulation on macrophage polarization.

Waveforms	Parameter	Polarization	Mechanism	Ref.
PCCEF	Pulse width≥10μs	M1 M2	YPA/TAZ→IL-6↑ Ca2+-CAMK2A–NF–κB→TNF-α↑, IL-1β↑	[25,80,161]
Square wave	500 mV, 1∼500Hz	M1	TLR4↑→Ca2+ influx→NF-κB	[25,162]
Sine wave	500 mV, 1∼500Hz	M1 M2	TLR4↑→Ca2+ influx→NF-κB IL-4Rα↑↑→STAT6	[25,162,164]