Putrescine decreases EcNC101 expansion and is associated with lower inflammation in mice. A, NF-κB activation in THP1 cells treated with E. coli LPS (1 μL/mL) and putrescine (N = 4; mean ± SEM; ANOVA, post hoc Dunnett compared with cells treated with LPS and 0 mmol/L/mL putrescine). B, Fecal Lcn-2 after DSS-induced flares (mean ± SEM, repeated-measure ANOVA). C, Fecal IL6, (D) TNFα, and (E) IL10 levels at day 56 (Student t test); n.s., nonsignificant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. F, EcNC101 CFUs after DSS-induced flares (mean ± SEM, repeated-measure ANOVA). N = 9 per group.