Table 1.
Demographic and Pregnancy-Related Characteristics of Women by Smoking Status in the 3 Months Before Pregnancya
| Characteristics | Smoking status before pregnancyb |
p value for nondaily smokersc |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonsmokers |
Nondaily smokers |
Daily smokers |
vs. Nonsmokers | vs. Daily smokers | |
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |||
|
| |||||
| Maternal age (y) | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| <20 | 8.1 (7.8–8.5) | 9.4 (7.6–11.6) | 12.9 (12.1–13.7) | ||
| 20–24 | 19.4 (18.9–19.9) | 26.2 (23.3–29.2) | 34.1 (33.0–35.1) | ||
| 25–34 | 56.3 (55.7–56.9) | 54.0 (50.7–57.1) | 45.6 (44.5–46.7) | ||
| ≥35 | 16.2 (15.7–16.6) | 10.5 (8.7–12.6) | 7.5 (6.9–8.0) | ||
| Maternal race/ethnicity | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 54.4 (53.9–54.8) | 65.5 (62.3–68.7) | 73.0 (72.0–73.9) | ||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 14.0 (13.6–14.3) | 6.5 (5.3–7.8) | 12.2 (11.6–12.9) | ||
| Hispanic | 23.1 (22.7–23.4) | 20.9 (17.9–24.2) | 9.0 (8.3–9.8) | ||
| Other race/ethnicity | 8.6 (8.3–8.9) | 7.1 (5.7–8.7) | 5.8 (5.4–6.2) | ||
| Maternal education (y) | .009 | <.001 | |||
| <12 | 16.3 (15.9–16.8) | 12.6 (10.3–15.3) | 22.2 (21.3–23.1) | ||
| 12 | 22.6 (22.1–23.2) | 22.6 (19.9–25.5) | 39.3 (38.2–40.4) | ||
| >12 | 61.0 (60.5–61.6) | 64.8 (61.6–68.0) | 38.5 (37.5–39.6) | ||
| Marital status | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| Unmarried | 32.8 (32.2–33.3) | 40.6 (37.5–43.9) | 63.2 (62.2–64.2) | ||
| Married | 67.2 (66.7–67.8) | 59.4 (56.1–62.5) | 36.8 (35.8–37.8) | ||
| Annual income | .353 | <.001 | |||
| <$15 000 | 26.2 (25.7–26.8) | 24.8 (22.0–27.8) | 46.5 (45.4–47.7) | ||
| ≥$15 000 | 73.8 (73.2–74.3) | 75.2 (72.2–78.0) | 53.5 (52.3–54.6) | ||
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) | .974 | .001 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 4.0 (3.7–4.2) | 4.1 (3.0–5.5) | 5.6 (5.1–6.1) | ||
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 51.7 (51.1–52.3) | 51.5 (48.2–54.7) | 45.5 (44.4–46.6) | ||
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 24.2 (23.6–24.7) | 23.7 (21.1–26.5) | 24.1 (23.2–25.1) | ||
| Obese (≥30.0) | 20.2 (19.7–20.7) | 20.7 (18.1–23.6) | 24.8 (23.8–25.7) | ||
| Pregnancy intention | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| Intended | 62.1 (61.5–62.7) | 53.2 (49.9–56.4) | 42.8 (41.7–43.9) | ||
| Unintended | 37.9 (37.3–38.5) | 46.8 (43.6–50.1) | 57.2 (56.1–58.3) | ||
| Parity | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| First birth | 40.9 (40.3–41.5) | 52.3 (49.1–55.5) | 44.8 (43.7–45.9) | ||
| Second or later birth | 59.1 (58.5–59.7) | 47.7 (44.5–50.9) | 55.2 (54.1–56.3) | ||
| Health insurance coverage before pregnancy | .056 | <.001 | |||
| Private | 61.1 (60.5–61.7) | 63.0 (59.8–66.2) | 38.0 (36.9–39.1) | ||
| Medicaid | 14.3 (13.9–14.7) | 12.0 (10.2–14.1) | 27.5 (26.6–28.5) | ||
| Other insuranced | 2.2 (2.1–2.4) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 3.0 (2.7–3.3) | ||
| Uninsured | 22.4 (21.9–22.9) | 23.3 (20.4–26.3) | 31.5 (30.4–32.5) | ||
| Alcohol use in 3 months before pregnancy | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| Yes | 46.9 (46.3–47.5) | 87.1 (84.6–89.3) | 71.5 (70.5–72.5) | ||
| Binge drinking in 3 months before pregnancye | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| Yes | 16.9 (16.4–17.3) | 56.1 (52.8–59.2) | 42.7 (41.6–43.8) | ||
CI = confidence interval.
Included 31 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System states (AK, AR, CO, DE, GA, HI, IL, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NE, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI, WV, and WY) and New York City during 2009–2011.
Self-report smoking status in the 3 months before pregnancy: Nondaily smokers, average <1 cigarette/day; Daily smokers, average ≥1 cigarette(s)/day.
Bonferroni adjusted p value for dual comparisons (p < .025).
Other health insurance coverage includes Tricare, other military health insurance, Indian Health Service, or state-specific State Children’s Health Insurance Program.
Binge drinking defined as four or more drinks in one sitting during the 3 months before pregnancy.