Table 2.

Demographic and Pregnancy-Related Characteristics of Women Who Relapsed to Smoking Following Delivery After Quitting Smoking During Pregnancy—PRAMS, United States, 32 Sites, 2009–2011

	Relapsed to smoking after deliverya		Relapsed to smoking after deliverya
Maternal characteristics	% (95% CI)	pb	aPRd (95% CI)	pc
Total	43.7 (42.2–45.1)
Maternal age group (years)		<0.001		<0.001
<20	54.8 (50.4–59.1)		1.51 (1.24–1.84)
20–24	48.9 (46.3–51.6)		1.39 (1.17–1.65)
25–34	39.5 (37.6–41.5)		1.26 (1.07–1.48)
≥35	29.5 (25.1–34.2)		1.00
Maternal race/ethnicity		<0.001		<0.001
White, non-Hispanic	41.1 (39.4–42.8)		1.00
Black, non-Hispanic	64.7 (60.9–68.3)		1.25 (1.14–1.38)
Hispanic	39.1 (34.3–44.0)		0.90 (0.79–1.03)
American Indian/Alaska Native	53.6 (46.4–60.6)		1.16 (0.96–1.39)
Asian/Pacific Islander	30.8 (24.6–37.8)		0.88 (0.68–1.13)
Other	46.0 (38.1–54.1)		1.02 (0.84–1.23)
Maternal education (years)		<0.001		0.067
<12	55.1 (51.2–58.9)		1.10 (0.99–1.22)
12	49.8 (47.2–52.4)		1.09 (1.01–1.17)
>12	36.2 (34.4–38.1)		1.00
Marital status		<0.001		0.387
Not married	50.1 (48.1–52.2)		1.04 (0.96–1.12)
Married	36.0 (34.0–38.0)		1.00
Pregnancy intention		<0.001		0.004
Intended	37.8 (35.8–39.8)		1.00
Unintended	48.8 (46.7–50.8)		1.11 (1.03–1.19)
Parity		<0.001		<0.001
First birth	40.6 (38.6–42.6)		1.00
Second or later birth	46.8 (44.7–48.9)		1.20 (1.11–1.28)
WIC enrollment during pregnancye		<0.001		0.254
Yes	50.6 (48.5–52.6)		1.04 (0.97–1.13)
No	35.6 (33.7–37.6)		1.00
Breastfeeding initiation		<0.001		<0.001
Never breastfed	60.7 (57.5–63.7)		1.34 (1.24–1.44)
Ever breastfed	38.8 (37.2–40.4)		1.00
Prepregnancy smoking statusf		<0.001		<0.001
Nondaily smoker	22.2 (19.5–25.1)		1.00
Daily smoker	48.6 (47.0–50.2)		1.80 (1.59–2.04)
Number of stressors experienced in 12 months before infant’s birthg		<0.001		0.111
None	37.9 (34.7–41.2)
1–2	40.3 (38.1–42.6)		1.05 (0.96–1.16)
3–5	49.4 (46.8–52.0)		1.12 (1.01–1.24)
≥6	49.7 (44.9–54.5)		1.03 (0.89–1.19)
Smoking ban in home		<0.001		<0.001
Complete Ban	42.2 (40.7–43.7)		1.00
Partial Ban or None	60.6 (55.3–65.7)		1.27 (1.14–1.42)
Preterm/low birth weight infant		<0.001		0.108
Yes	49.5 (46.8–52.2)		1.06 (0.99–1.14)
No	41.7 (40.0–43.4)		1.00

Data aggregated for 32 PRAMS sites (Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, New York City, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) with data available for 2009–2011.

^aRelapsed to smoking after delivery = smoking after delivery among women who quit smoking by the last 3 months of pregnancy on the basis of the PRAMS survey. Average = 124 days, Range = 64–269 days. Quit smoking = no smoking during the last 3 months of pregnancy among women who smoked 3 months before pregnancy on the basis of the PRAMS survey.

^bChi-square test.

^cWald test.

^daPRs were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for site, infant year of birth, maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, marital status, pregnancy intention, parity, WIC enrollment during pregnancy, breastfeeding duration, prepregnancy daily number of cigarettes, number of stressors experienced during pregnancy, smoking ban in home, and preterm/low birth weight infant (n = 13,076).

^eSpecial Supplemental Nutrition Program for WIC.

^fNondaily smokers were women who reported smoking <1 cigarette/day; daily smokers were woman who reported smoking ≥1 cigarette/ day in the 3 months before pregnancy

^gStressors included family member illness/death, moving, divorce, homelessness, job loss, financial troubles, jail time, and physical abuse.

PRAMS, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System; CI, confidence interval; aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; WlC, Women, Infants, and Children.