Table 3.
Regression results MLTC clusters and number of hospitalisations in SAIL, UK Biobank, and UKHLS.
| SAIL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–36 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | |
| MLTC Clusters | ||||
| Asthma+ | 1.18 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 1.21 |
| Pain+ (Incl. Migraine) | 1.88 | <0.001 | 1.84 | 1.92 |
| Depression+ | 1.45 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.48 |
| Substance misuse & Mental Health | 1.53 | <0.001 | 1.49 | 1.56 |
| Discordant MLTCs | 1.88 | <0.001 | 1.82 | 1.93 |
| LTC count | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.12 | <0.001 | 1.09 | 1.14 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.63 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.70 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.57 | <0.001 | 1.38 | 1.77 |
| >4 LTCs | 2.55 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 3.46 |
| SAIL |
UK Biobank |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37–54 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | 37–54 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | ||
| MLTC Clusters | MLTC Clusters | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 1.18 | <0.001 | 1.15 | 1.21 | Pulmonary | 1.03 | 0.64 | 0.90 | 1.16 |
| Pain+ (incl. Migraine & RA) | 1.59 | <0.001 | 1.57 | 1.62 | Pain+ | 0.91 | 0.16 | 0.80 | 1.03 |
| Substance misuse & Mental health | 1.65 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.68 | Depression & Anxiety | 1.08 | 0.20 | 0.95 | 1.23 |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 1.42 | Hypertension & Cardiometabolic | 1.22 | 0.002 | 1.07 | 1.38 |
| Discordant MLTCs | 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 1.42 | Cancer, Thyroid disease & RA | 1.22 | 0.002 | 1.07 | 1.39 |
| LTC count | LTC count | ||||||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.14 | <0.001 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 2 LTCs | 0.98 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 1.12 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.47 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 1.50 | 3 LTCs | 1.10 | 0.11 | 0.97 | 1.25 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.74 | <0.001 | 1.68 | 1.82 | 4 LTCs | 1.03 | 0.59 | 0.90 | 1.18 |
| >4 LTCs | 2.16 | <0.001 | 2.01 | 2.33 | >4 LTCs | 1.23 | <0.001 | 1.10 | 1.39 |
| SAIL |
UK Biobank |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 55–73 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | 55–73 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | ||
| MLTC Clusters | MLTC Clusters | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 1.34 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 1.36 | Pulmonary | 0.97 | 0.65 | 0.86 | 1.09 |
| Pain+ (incl. Migraine & RA) | 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.38 | 1.42 | Mental Health & Pain | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.13 |
| Mental Health | 1.19 | <0.001 | 1.18 | 1.21 | Hypertension & Cardiometabolic | 1.13 | 0.03 | 1.01 | 1.27 |
| Substance misuse & Discordant MLTCs | 1.69 | <0.001 | 1.64 | 1.73 | Cancer+ | 1.14 | 0.02 | 1.01 | 1.29 |
| Hypertension+ | 1.14 | <0.001 | 1.13 | 1.15 | |||||
| Cardiometabolic | 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 1.42 | |||||
| Cancer+ | 1.79 | <0.001 | 1.76 | 1.83 | |||||
| LTC count | LTC count | ||||||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.09 | <0.001 | 1.08 | 1.11 | 2 LTCs | 1.01 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 1.14 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.30 | <0.001 | 1.29 | 1.32 | 3 LTCs | 1.08 | 0.18 | 0.96 | 1.22 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.49 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 1.52 | 4 LTCs | 1.13 | 0.03 | 1.01 | 1.28 |
| >4 LTCs | 1.68 | <0.001 | 1.63 | 1.74 | >4 LTCs | 1.21 | 0.001 | 1.07 | 1.35 |
| SAIL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 74+ years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | |
| MLTC Clusters | ||||
| Pulmonary | 1.38 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.41 |
| Pain+ | 1.33 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 1.35 |
| Mental Health & Neurological disorders | 1.35 | <0.001 | 1.32 | 1.38 |
| Hypertension+ | 1.15 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 1.17 |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.52 | <0.001 | 1.49 | 1.56 |
| Cancer+ | 1.37 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.40 |
| LTC count | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.09 | <0.001 | 1.07 | 1.10 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.26 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.28 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.38 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.40 |
| >4 LTCs | 1.54 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.58 |
| UKHLS | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–36 years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters | ||||
| Pulmonary | 1.21 | 0.609 | 0.30 | 2.02 |
| Depression & Asthma | 0.78 | 0.623 | 0.56 | 2.64 |
| Cardiometabolic | 2.20 | 0.037 | 1.05 | 4.64 |
| LTC count (continuous due to collinearity) | 1.18 | 0.135 | 0.95 | 1.48 |
| 37–54 years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters (do not improve model fit, reported for convenience) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 0.76 | 0.231 | 0.48 | 1.20 |
| Arthritis+ | 1.27 | 0.307 | 0.80 | 2.00 |
| Diabetes & Hypertension | 1.16 | 0.680 | 0.58 | 2.31 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.68 | 0.290 | 0.34 | 1.38 |
| Cancer, Thyroid disease & Depression | 0.81 | 0.397 | 0.49 | 1.33 |
| LTC count (values reported for best-fit model without clusters) | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.49 | 0.003 | 1.15 | 1.93 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.58 | 0.020 | 1.07 | 2.32 |
| 4+ LTCs | 2.40 | <0.001 | 1.48 | 3.88 |
| 55–73 years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters (do not improve model fit, reported for convenience) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 0.97 | 0.854 | 0.69 | 1.36 |
| Hypertension+ | 0.91 | 0.511 | 0.70 | 1.19 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.75 | 0.199 | 0.48 | 1.16 |
| Cancer, Thyroid disease & Depression) | 0.72 | 0.068 | 0.50 | 1.02 |
| LTC count (values reported for best-fit model without clusters) | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.08 | 0.381 | 0.91 | 1.29 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.29 | 0.042 | 1.01 | 1.64 |
| 4+ LTCs | 1.58 | 0.004 | 1.15 | 2.16 |
| 74+ years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters (do not improve model fit, reported for convenience) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 0.98 | 0.960 | 0.38 | 2.50 |
| Arthritis+ | 1.03 | 0.920 | 0.55 | 1.94 |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.29 | 0.453 | 0.67 | 2.49 |
| LTC count (values reported for best-fit without clusters) | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.52 | 0.042 | 1.02 | 2.27 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.28 | 0.396 | 0.72 | 2.27 |
| 4+ LTCs | 2.42 | 0.017 | 1.17 | 5.00 |
All models were tested with, and adjusted for, all the following variables (incl. non-linear and interaction terms where appropriate).
Biobank: Sex, age, ethnicity, area deprivation (Townsend score), smoking status, alcohol consumption, frailty, self-rated health, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity.
SAIL: Sex, age, area deprivation (WIMD score), and smoking status.
UKHLS: Sex, age, ethnicity, BMI, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and smoking status.