Table 4.
Regression results MLTC clusters and number of GP use in SAIL, UK Biobank, and UKHLS.
| SAIL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–36 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | |
| MLTC Clusters | ||||
| Asthma+ | 2.14 | <0.001 | 2.08 | 2.19 |
| Pain+ (Incl. Migraine) | 2.91 | <0.001 | 2.86 | 2.97 |
| Depression+ | 2.01 | <0.001 | 1.97 | 2.04 |
| Substance misuse & Mental Health | 2.67 | <0.001 | 2.61 | 2.72 |
| Discordant MLTCs | 2.58 | <0.001 | 2.52 | 2.65 |
| LTC count | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.16 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 1.19 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.51 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.58 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.75 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.97 |
| >4 LTCs | 1.75 | <0.001 | 1.30 | 2.35 |
| SAIL |
UK Biobank |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 37–54 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | 37–54 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | ||
| MLTC Clusters | MLTC Clusters | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 1.91 | <0.001 | 1.88 | 1.94 | Pulmonary | 1.70 | <0.001 | 1.51 | 1.92 |
| Pain+ (incl. Migraine & RA) | 2.39 | <0.001 | 2.36 | 2.41 | Pain+ | 1.58 | <0.001 | 1.40 | 1.79 |
| Substance misuse & Mental health | 2.49 | <0.001 | 2.46 | 2.52 | Depression & Anxiety | 1.62 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 1.83 |
| Cardiometabolic | 2.04 | <0.001 | 2.01 | 2.06 | Hypertension & Cardiometabolic | 1.81 | <0.001 | 1.60 | 2.04 |
| Discordant MLTCs | 1.79 | <0.001 | 1.77 | 1.81 | Cancer, Thyroid disease & RA | 1.73 | <0.001 | 1.53 | 1.96 |
| LTC count | LTC count | ||||||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.12 | <0.001 | 1.11 | 1.13 | 2 LTCs | 0.80 | <0.001 | 0.60 | 0.90 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.35 | <0.001 | 1.33 | 1.37 | 3 LTCs | 0.92 | 0.200 | 0.82 | 1.04 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.56 | <0.001 | 1.51 | 1.61 | 4 LTCs | 0.99 | 0.827 | 0.87 | 1.12 |
| >4 LTCs | 1.79 | <0.001 | 1.69 | 1.89 | >4 LTCs | 1.08 | 0.140 | 0.97 | 1.21 |
| SAIL |
UK Biobank |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 55–73 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | 55–73 years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | ||
| MLTC Clusters | MLTC Clusters | ||||||||
| Pulmonary | 1.62 | <0.001 | 1.61 | 1.64 | Pulmonary | 1.53 | <0.001 | 1.38 | 1.69 |
| Pain+ (incl. Migraine & RA) | 1.78 | <0.001 | 1.77 | 1.79 | Mental Health & Pain | 1.45 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 1.60 |
| Mental Health | 1.60 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 1.61 | Hypertension & Cardiometabolic | 1.57 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.73 |
| Substance misuse & Discordant MLTCs | 2.12 | <0.001 | 2.09 | 2.15 | Cancer+ | 1.45 | <0.001 | 1.31 | 1.61 |
| Hypertension+ | 1.51 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.52 | |||||
| Cardiometabolic | 1.78 | <0.001 | 1.77 | 1.80 | |||||
| Cancer+ | 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.39 | 1.42 | |||||
| LTC count | LTC count | ||||||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.10 | <0.001 | 1.09 | 1.11 | 2 LTCs | 0.83 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.91 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.26 | <0.001 | 1.25 | 1.27 | 3 LTCs | 0.92 | 0.085 | 0.83 | 1.01 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.37 | <0.001 | 1.36 | 1.39 | 4 LTCs | 0.99 | 0.778 | 0.89 | 1.09 |
| >4 LTCs | 1.46 | <0.001 | 1.44 | 1.49 | >4 LTCs | 1.06 | 0.218 | 0.97 | 1.17 |
| SAIL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 74+ years | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | |
| MLTC Clusters | ||||
| Pulmonary | 1.49 | <0.001 | 1.47 | 1.50 |
| Pain+ | 1.50 | <0.001 | 1.49 | 1.51 |
| Mental Health & Neurological disorders | 1.57 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.59 |
| Hypertension+ | 1.36 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.37 |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.70 | <0.001 | 1.68 | 1.72 |
| Cancer+ | 1.36 | <0.001 | 1.35 | 1.38 |
| LTC count | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.08 | <0.001 | 1.07 | 1.09 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.19 | <0.001 | 1.18 | 1.20 |
| 4 LTCs | 1.29 | <0.001 | 1.28 | 1.31 |
| >4 LTCs | 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.38 | 1.42 |
| UKHLS | IRR | p-value | 95% confidence interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–36 years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters (do not improve model fit, reported for convenience) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 1.60 | 0.040 | 1.02 | 2.51 |
| Depression & Asthma | 1.31 | 0.264 | 0.82 | 2.10 |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.78 | 0.015 | 1.11 | 2.85 |
| LTC count (values reported for best-fit model without clusters) | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.48 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.77 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.29 | 0.165 | 0.90 | 1.85 |
| 4+ LTCs | 1.49 | 0.378 | 0.61 | 3.63 |
| 37–54 years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters (do not improve model fit, reported for convenience) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 1.62 | <0.001 | 1.30 | 2.03 |
| Arthritis+ | 1.78 | <0.001 | 1.37 | 2.32 |
| Diabetes & hypertension | 1.50 | 0.029 | 1.04 | 2.15 |
| Cardiovascular | 1.51 | 0.001 | 1.18 | 1.93 |
| Cancer, Thyroid disease & Depression | 1.53 | 0.001 | 1.19 | 1.98 |
| LTC count (values reported for best-fit model without clusters) | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.35 | <0.001 | 1.22 | 1.01 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.45 | <0.001 | 1.25 | 1.68 |
| 4+ LTCs | 1.58 | <0.001 | 1.29 | 1.93 |
| 55–73 years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters (do not improve model fit, reported for convenience) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 1.23 | 0.006 | 1.06 | 1.43 |
| Hypertension+ | 1.17 | 0.008 | 1.04 | 1.31 |
| Cardiovascular | 1.13 | 0.156 | 0.95 | 1.35 |
| Cancer, Thyroid disease & Depression) | 1.19 | 0.012 | 1.04 | 1.37 |
| LTC count (values reported for best-fit model without clusters) | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.21 | <0.001 | 1.13 | 1.30 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.23 | <0.001 | 1.12 | 1.36 |
| 4+ LTCs | 1.28 | <0.001 | 1.12 | 1.45 |
| 74+ years | ||||
| MLTC Clusters (do not improve model fit, reported for convenience) | ||||
| Pulmonary | 0.81 | 0.219 | 0.58 | 1.13 |
| Arthritis+ | 1.11 | 0.418 | 0.85 | 1.46 |
| Cardiometabolic | 1.08 | 0.571 | 0.83 | 1.39 |
| LTC count (values reported for best-fit model without clusters) | ||||
| 2 LTCs | 1.15 | 0.089 | 0.98 | 1.35 |
| 3 LTCs | 1.14 | 0.209 | 0.93 | 1.4 |
| 4+ LTCs | 1.33 | 0.029 | 1.03 | 1.71 |
All models were tested with, and adjusted for, any or all of the following variables (incl. non-linear and interaction terms where appropriate).
Biobank: Sex, age, ethnicity, area deprivation (Townsend score), smoking status, alcohol consumption, frailty, self-rated health, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity.
SAIL: Sex, age, area deprivation (WIMD score), and smoking status.
UKHLS: Sex, age, ethnicity, BMI, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and smoking status.