Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Children 8 Months–4 Years of Age Hospitalized with Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19—Overcoming COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Network, 28 hospital sites, September 20, 2022–May 31, 2023
| Characteristic | Total (n = 597) |
8 Months to <2 Years (n = 371) |
2 Years to <5 Years (n = 226) |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 338 (56.6) | 211 (56.9) | 127 (56.2) | 0.87 |
| Female | 259 (43.4) | 160 (43.1) | 99 (43.8) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 239 (40.0) | 160 (43.1) | 79 (35.0) | 0.01‡* |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 112 (18.8) | 62 (16.7) | 50 (22.1) | |
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 32 (5.4) | 13 (3.5) | 19 (8.4) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 150 (25.1) | 94 (25.3) | 56 (24.8) | |
| Multiple/other, non-Hispanic | 42 (7.0) | 24 (6.5) | 18 (8.0) | |
| Unknown | 22 (3.7) | 18 (4.9) | 4 (1.8) | |
| Census region | ||||
| Northeast | 90 (15.1) | 48 (12.9) | 42 (18.6) | 0.24 |
| Midwest | 133 (22.3) | 83 (22.4) | 50 (22.1) | |
| South | 205 (34.3) | 135 (36.4) | 70 (31.0) | |
| West | 169 (28.3) | 105 (28.3) | 64 (28.3) | |
| Underlying medical conditions | ||||
| None | 273 (45.7) | 205 (55.3) | 68 (30.1) | <0.001 |
| One or more underlying medical condition | 324 (54.3) | 166 (44.7) | 158 (69.9) | |
| Multiple underlying medical conditions | 112 (18.8) | 55 (14.8) | 57 (25.2) | 0.002 |
| Cardiorespiratory | 204 (34.2) | 109 (29.4) | 95 (42.0) | 0.002 |
| Respiratory | 159 (26.6) | 80 (21.6) | 79 (35.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac | 77 (12.9) | 49 (13.2) | 28 (12.4) | 0.77 |
| Oncologic or immunosuppressed | 37 (6.2) | 10 (2.7) | 27 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Non-oncologic immunosuppressive disorder | 16 (2.7) | 7 (1.9) | 9 (4.0) | 0.12 |
| Oncologic | 21 (3.5) | 3 (0.8) | 18 (8.0) | <0.001‡* |
| Neurologic/neuromuscular | 120 (20.1) | 58 (15.6) | 62 (27.4) | <0.001 |
| Endocrine* | 31 (5.2) | 15 (4.0) | 16 (7.1) | 0.10 |
| Respiratory viral co-detection† | ||||
| Any respiratory viral co-detection | 188/499 (37.7) | 108/310 (34.8) | 80/189 (42.3) | 0.09 |
| Multiple co-detections | 26/499 (5.2) | 15/310 (4.8) | 11/189 (5.8) | 0.63 |
| Influenza | 6/499 (1.2) | 2/310 (0.6) | 4/189 (2.1) | 0.21‡ |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 56/490 (11.4) | 25/305 (8.2) | 31/185 (16.8) | 0.004 |
| Other respiratory virus§ | 137/353 (38.8) | 85/215 (39.5) | 52/138 (37.7) | 0.73 |
No children were noted to have diabetes. Obesity is not defined in children <2 years of age and height was missing for 112 (18.8%) of patients, including 44 (19.5%) of patients 2 years of age or older; there were 47 (7.9%) children in the ≥95th weight-for-age percentile.
We collected information regarding testing for the following non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses: influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza (types 1, 2, 3 and 4), human metapneumovirus, adenovirus or rhinovirus/enterovirus. All 499 patients were tested for influenza, 490 were tested for RSV and 353 were tested for the other viruses.
Fisher exact tests were performed where cell sizes were <5.
Other respiratory viruses include those for which we specifically collected data on the case report form: parainfluenza (types 1, 2, 3 and 4), human metapneumovirus, adenovirus and rhinovirus/enterovirus. Overall detections for these viruses were 17/353 (4.8%), 34/353 (9.6%), 24/351 (6.8%) and 82/353 (23.2%), respectively.