Comparison of anode materials based on 3D structure design strategies.
| Anode material | Electrolyte | Voltage hysteresis | Cycling performance | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zn foil and Cu foam (RCZ) | 2 M ZnSO4 | ∼120 mV (1 mA cm−2) | 1800 h (1 mA cm−2) | 43 |
| Carbon network NCL-Zn | 2 M ZnSO4 | 71 mV (1 mA cm−2) | 4000 h (1 mA cm−2) | 44 |
| Cu mesh | 1 M ZnSO4 | 20 mV (1 mA cm−2) | 340 h (1 mA cm−2) | 45 |
| Alloy network Cu@Cu3Zn | 3 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 | ∼100 mV (1 mA cm−2) | 1900 h (1 mA cm−2) | 46 |
| Expanded graphite Zn@Cu-Ps/EG | 3 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 | ∼100 mV (10 mA cm−2) | 3000 h (10 mA cm−2) | 47 |
| 3D Zn@Cu-Sn@SSM | 2 M ZnSO4 | ∼95 mV (10 mA cm−2) | 1050 h (10 mA cm−2) | 48 |
| Nanofiber Zn@PBI-Cu | 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.1 M MnSO4 | 70 mV (10 mA cm−2) | 300 h (10 mA cm−2) | 49 |
| 3D AgNPs@CC | 1 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 | ∼56 mV (2 mA cm−2) | 800 h (2 mA cm−2) | 50 |
| 3D Zn@N-VG@CC | 2 M ZnSO4 | ∼6.2 mV (0.5 mA cm−2) | 150 h (0.5 mA cm−2) | 51 |
| 3D concave Zn | 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.2 M MnSO4 | ∼100 mV (2 mA cm−2) | 1000 h (2 mA cm−2) | 52 |