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. 2024 May 2;20(8):1868–1878. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2340408

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© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — Changes in mitophagy biomarkers across AD continuum. Violin plots of ANCOVA analyzes (A–D) levels of mitophagy markers PINK1, BNIP3L, and TFEB in biomarker-defined individuals. (A) CSF PINK1 showed higher levels in AD dementia compared to MCI-AD and CU groups. (B) Serum PINK1 showed higher levels in AD dementia compared to MCI-AD group. (C) Serum BNIP3L showed higher levels in AD dementia compared to MCI-AD group. (D) Serum TFEB showed lower levels in AD dementia compared to MCI-AD and CU groups. Notes: Data were adjusted for sex and age. *** = p < .001, ** = p < .01, * = p < .05. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CU, cognitively unimpaired.