Table 1.
Characteristic of study participants.
| Memory Clinic Cohort |
P-values |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients | AD Dementia | AD-MCI Patients | CU Controls | AD-MCI vs. ADDementia | AD MCIvs. CU | AD Dementiavs. CU | |
| Demographic characteristics | N = 200 | N = 100 | N = 100 | N = 46 | |||
| Age, years | 71.4 (7.9) | 70.3 (8.6) | 72.5 (6.9) | 63.9 (9.4) | 0.16 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 121 (60.5) | 64 (64.0) | 57 (57.0) | 30 (65.2) | 0.31 | 0.11 | 0.39 |
| Education, years | 14.4 (3.0) | 14.0 (2.9) | 14.7 (3.1) | 15.6 (2.9) | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0.01 |
| APOE ɛ4 positive, n (%)* | 110 (55.0) | 52 (52.0) | 58 (58.0) | 5 (10.9) | 0.78 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| MMSE score | 22.0 (4.8) | 18.5 (4.2) | 24.9 (3.0) | 29.0 (1.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| GDS-15 | 3.3 (2.7) | 3.6 (3.1) | 3.0 (2.4) | 2.2 (2.2) | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.04 |
| BAI | 8.8 (7.6) | 9.11 (7.5) | 8.6 (7.6) | 9.3 (6.6) | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.99 |
| Comorbidities** | |||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 89 (44.5) | 41 (41.0) | 48 (48.0) | 17 (36.9) | 0.78 | 0.89 | 0.99 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 66 (33.0) | 32 (32.0) | 34 (34.0) | 13 (28.2) | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 12 (6.0) | 6 (6.0) | 6 (6.0) | 0 (0) | 0.99 | 0.31 | 0.28 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 14 (7.0) | 5 (5.0) | 9 (9.0) | 1 (2.2) | 0.52 | 0.32 | 0.82 |
| Thyroid disease, n (%) | 37 (18.5) | 16 (16.0) | 21 (21.0) | 10 (21.7) | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.52 |
| Neuropsychological tests | |||||||
| DS–Fa | – | 7.2 (2.2) | 8.4 (2.0) | 9.4 (2.4) | 0.002 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
| DS–Ba | – | 3.7 (1.7) | 5.1 (1.7) | 6.6 (1.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TMT Aa | – | 107.1 (56.0) | 64.4 (32.3) | 37.2 (13.1) | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| TMT Ba | – | 272.3 (61.9) | 198.8 (86.5) | 103.6 (60.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| p–VFa | – | 25.1 (10.3) | 37.2 (13.4) | 47.4 (12.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| S–VFa | – | 11.6 (5.2) | 16.5 (5–3) | 27.2 (6.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BNTa | – | 9.9 (5.0) | 6.2 (4.5) | 1.7 (1.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| CDTa | – | 9.4 (3.9) | 13.0 (2.4) | 15.5 (0.7) | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| ROCF–Ca | – | 18.0 (10.5) | 25.3 (6.6) | 30.0 (3.3) | <0.001 | 0.007 | <0.001 |
| LM–IRa | – | 4.6 (3.4) | 8.2 (4.2) | 18.0 (4.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LM–DRa | – | 1.6 (2.4) | 3.7 (4.6) | 15.8 (5.4) | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Brain structures | |||||||
| Hippocampal volume (mm3) | – | 6625.1 (862.7) | 6692.84 (847.5) | 7753.0 (755.9) | 0.91 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Entorhinal cortical thickness (mm) | – | 2.6 (0.4) | 2.7 (0.3) | 3.0 (0.4) | 0.42 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Parahippocampal cortical thickness (mm) | – | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.6 (0.2) | 0.06 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
| Gray matter volume (mm3) | – | 540783.2 (44811.5) | 559119.6 (52236.7) | 594469.5 (31371.8) | 0.12 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Ventricular volume (mm3) | – | 49033.5 (17036.1) | 47526.6 (19204.2) | 41637.7 (29888.3) | 0.93 | 0.43 | 0.33 |
Data are presented as N (%) and mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
P values are comparisons using Tukey post hoc tests (one-way analysis of variance was used to test the main between group differences).
Abbreviations: MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer disease; CU, cognitively unimpaired; APOE, apolipoprotein E; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale, 15-item version; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; DS-F, Digit Span Forward; DS-B, Digit Span Backward; TMT, Trail Making Test; p-VF, phonemic verbal fluency (letters N, K, P); S-VF, semantic verbal fluency (animals); BNT, Boston Naming Test (30 odd-items version), number of errors; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; ROCF-C, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, copy condition; LM-IR, Logical Memory Story I, immediate recall; LM-DR, Logical Memory Story I, delayed recall.
*Missing genotype data in n = 35.
**Missing data in AD dementia (n = 5), AD MCI (n = 1), CU controls (n = 6).