Table 1.

Modulation of arterial endothelial function through a low-intensity exercise intervention.

Research subjects	Exercise program			Changes in endothelial-function test indicators			Literature sources
	Intensity	Duration and frequency of exercise	Forms	Indicators	Values (before vs. after exercsie)	Change
Healthy young men (n = 10)	25% ${\mathrm{VO}}_{\text{2max}}$	30 min/d, 5–7 times/w, 12 w	Cycling	FBF	5.0 $\pm$ 1.4 vs. 4.8 $\pm$ 1.0 mL/L	NS	[9]
Healthy young men (n = 10)	50% ${\mathrm{HR}}_{\text{max}}$	One time, 30 min	Cycling	FMD	6.3 $\pm$ 2.6 vs. 5.9 $\pm$ 2.5%	NS	[27]
Healthy elderly men (n = 20)	20% 1RM	15 min/d, 3 d/w, 4 w	Resistance exercise	RHI	1.8 $\pm$ 0.2 vs. 2.1 $\pm$ 0.3	(↑) p 0.01	[11]
				vWF	175.7 $\pm$ 20.3 vs. 156.3 $\pm$ 38.1%	(↓) p 0.05
Overweight and obese Postmenopausal women (n = 47)		1 h/d, 2 d/w, 4 m	Walking	GPX	9506 $\pm$ 3408 vs. 12,628 $\pm$ 2472 μmol/min/grHb	(↑) p 0.001	[22]
				saRHI	1.97 $\pm$ 0.51 vs. 2.26 $\pm$ 0.77	(↑) p = 0.043
Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice (n = 6)	5 m/min	60 min/d, 6 d/w, 4 w	Treadmill training	The number of EPC	497 $\pm$ 10 vs. 534 $\pm$ 10 number/mL	(↑) p 0.05	[28]
db/db Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 11)	10 m/min	1 h/d, 6 w	Treadmill training	NO	4.22 $\pm$ 1.7 vs. 6.78 $\pm$ 2.1 µmol/L	(↑) p 0.05	[13]
				eNOS	9.87 $\pm$ 3.5 vs. 14.67 $\pm$ 3.8 µmol/L	(↑) p 0.05
				vWF	vWF decreased by 20.4%	(↓) p 0.05

NS indicates no significant, $\uparrow$ indicates increase, $\downarrow$ indicates decrease. ${\mathrm{VO}}_{\text{2max}}$, maximal oxygen uptake; FBF, forearm blood flow; ${\mathrm{HR}}_{\text{max}}$, maximal heart rate; FMD, flow-mediated dilatation; RHI, reactive hyperemia index; vWF, von Willebrand factor; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; NO, nitric oxide; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; h/d, hour/day; d/w, day/week; saRHI, small artery reactive hyperemia index; 1RM, one-repetition maxmimum.