. 2023 Nov 1;24(11):306. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2411306

Table 2.

Modulation of arterial endothelial function through a moderate-intensity exercise intervention.

Research subjects	Exercise program			Changes in endothelial-function test indicators			Literature sources
Research subjects	Intensity	Duration and frequency of exercise	Form	Indicator	Values (before vs. after exercsie)	Change	Literature sources
Sedentary middle-aged men (n = 11)	50% 1RM	One time, 40 min	Resistance exercise	FMD	12.5 $\pm$ 4.10 vs. 17.2 $\pm$ 3.9%	(↑) p = 0.016	[30]
Sedentary middle-aged men (n = 11)	50% 1RM	One time, 40 min	Resistance exercise	${}_{\text{X}}$	6.8 $\pm$ 3.3 vs. 12.6 $\pm$ 4.2 µM	(↑) p = 0.007	[30]
Healthy elderly (n = 11)	70% ${}_{\text{2max}}$	60 min/d, 10 d	Treadmill walking or running	FMD	10 $\pm$ 1.3 vs. 16 $\pm$ 1.4%	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[32]
Patients who underwent PCI after an acute heart attack (n = 20)	50–60% HRR	One time, 30 min	Aerobic exercise	FMD	increased by 4.9%	(↑) p = 0.034	[31]
Patients with acute abdominal aortic aneurysm (n = 22)	40% peak power ouput (PPO)	One time, 27 min	Aerobic exercise	FMD	0.69% vs. 1.73%	(↑) p $<$ 0.001	[36]
Patients with type II diabetes mellitus (n = 13)	65–85% ${}_{\text{max}}$	1 h/d, 3 d/w, 12 w	Aerobic and resistance exercise	FMD	7.62 $\pm$ 1.2 vs. 9.82 $\pm$ 1.0%	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[34]
Healthy young men (n = 8)	50% ${}_{\text{2max}}$	30 min/d, 5–7 times/w, 12 w	Cycling	ACh	13.1 $\pm$ 8.8 vs. 19.6 $\pm$ 12.7 mL/min per 100 mL tissue	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[9]
Patients with hypertension (n = 42)	60–80% HRR	40–50 min/times, 3 times/w, 12 w	Treadmill running	FMD	7.59 $\pm$ 3.36 vs. 9.26 $\pm$ 2.93%	(↑) p = 0.02	[33]
				${}_{\text{X}}$	9.4 $\pm$ 3.7 vs. 13.8 $\pm$ 4.6 µmol/L	(↑) p = 0.005
				CRP	2.8 $\pm$ 1.7 vs. 1.8 $\pm$ 0.8 mg/dL	(↓) p = 0.03
				MCP-1	124.1 $\pm$ 60.2 vs. 84.4 $\pm$ 41.9 pg/mL	(↓) p = 0.009
				VCAM-1	1387.8 $\pm$ 705.2 vs. 1084.8 $\pm$ 433.1 pg/mL	(↓) p = 0.03
				ET-1	6.4 $\pm$ 1.6 vs. 4.7 $\pm$ 0.7 pg/mL	(↓) p $<$ 0.001
Young men with hypertension (n = 18)	40–50% HRR	One time, 40 min	Cycling	NO	65–70.85 µmol/L	(↑) p $<$ 0.01	[37]
Five-week-old db/db mouse (n = 8)	5.2 m/min	1 h/d, 5 d/w, 7 w	Wheel training	Mn-SOD		(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[21]
Five-week-old db/db mouse (n = 8)	5.2 m/min	1 h/d, 5 d/w, 7 w	Wheel training	eNOS Ser1117		(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[21]
Three-month-old SHR (n = 8)	18–20 m/min	60 min/d, 5 d/w, 8 w	Treadmill training	ROS		(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[35]
Three-month-old SHR (n = 8)	18–20 m/min	60 min/d, 5 d/w, 8 w	Treadmill training	NO		(↓) p $<$ 0.05	[35]
Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice (n = 6)	10 m/min	60 min/d, 6 d/w, 4 w	Treadmill training	The number of EPC	497 $\pm$ 10 vs. 534 $\pm$ 10 number/mL	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[28]

$\uparrow{}$ indicates increase, $\downarrow{}$ indicates decrease. FMD, flow-mediated dilatation; ET-1, endothelin-1; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine; NO, Nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ${}_{\text{2max}}$ , maximal oxygen uptake; ${}_{\text{max}}$ , maximal heart rate; HRR, heart rate in reserve; Ach, acetylcholine; CRP, c-reactive protein; Mn-SOD, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; h/d, hour/day; d/w, day/week; ${}_{\text{X}}$ , nitrites and nitrates; 1RM, one-repetition maxmimum.