. 2023 Nov 1;24(11):306. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2411306

Table 3.

Modulation of arterial endothelial function through a high-intensity exercise intervention.

Research subjects	Exercise program			Changes in endothelial-function test indicators			Literature sources
Research subjects	Intensity	Duration and frequency of exercise	Forms	Indicators	Values (before vs. after exercsie)	Change	Literature sources
Healthy young men (n = 10)	85% ${}_{\text{max}}$	One time, 30 min	Cycling	FMD	6.6 $\pm$ 1.6 vs. 3.6 $\pm$ 2.2%	(↓) p $<$ 0.05	[27]
Young men (n = 9)	extreme sports	One time	Ironman triathlon	FMD	8.7 vs. 3.2%	(↓) p $<$ 0.05	[41]
Sedentary middle-aged men (n = 11)	80% 1RM	One time, 40 min	Resistance exercise	ET-1	20.02 $\pm$ 2.2 vs. 25.4 $\pm$ 2.1 pg/mL	(↓) p = 0.004	[30]
Healthy young men (n = 8)	75% ${}_{\text{2max}}$	30 min/d, 5–7 times/w, 12 w	Cycling	8-OHdG	6.7 $\pm$ 1.1 vs. 9.2 $\pm$ 2.3 ng/mL	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[9]
Healthy young men (n = 8)	75% ${}_{\text{2max}}$	30 min/d, 5–7 times/w, 12 w	Cycling	MDA-LDL	69.0 $\pm$ 19.5 vs. 82.4 $\pm$ 21.5 U/L	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[9]
Patients with hypertensive metabolic syndrome (n = 17)	40% HRR 5 min, 60% HRR 5 min, 80% HRR5 min, recovery 40% HRR 5 min (HIIT)	3 d/w, 8 w	Treadmill running	FMD	6.5 $\pm$ 4.2 vs. 12.6 $\pm$ 6.0%	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[43]
Patients with hypertensive metabolic syndrome (n = 17)		3 d/w, 8 w	Treadmill running	${}_{\text{X}}$	38.5 $\pm$ 21.41 vs. 50.89 $\pm$ 20.92 mmol/L	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[43]
Healthy elderly (n = 12)	100% PPO, recovery 15 s, 2 × 20 min/time (HIIT)	3 d/w, 6 w	Cycling	FMD	4.8 $\pm$ 1.8 vs. 6.7 $\pm$ 1.3%	(↑) p $<$ 0.001	[42]
Patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 12)	60% ${}_{\text{max}}$ 5 min, 85% ${}_{\text{max}}$ 1 min × 6 times, 50% ${}_{\text{max}}$ 4 min (HIIT)	40 min/d, 3 d/w, 8 w	Cycling	FMD	5.7 $\pm$ 5.0 vs. 11.2 $\pm$ 5.4%	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[46]
C57BL/6 mice (n = 6)	Started at 5 m/min and increased by 4 m/min every 10 min until exhaution	One time	Treadmill training	NO		(↓) p $<$ 0.01	[44]
Three-month-old SHR (n = 8)	26–28 m/min	60 min/d, 5 d/w, 8 w	Treadmill training	ROS		(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[35]
Three-month-old SHR (n = 8)	26–28 m/min	60 min/d, 5 d/w, 8 w	Treadmill training	NO		(↓) p $<$ 0.05	[35]
Ten-week-old SHR rats (n = 24)	80% ${}_{\text{2max}}$	1 h/d, 5 d/w, 6 w	Treadmill training	ROS		(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[12]
Ten-week-old SHR rats (n = 24)	80% ${}_{\text{2max}}$	1 h/d, 5 d/w, 6 w	Treadmill training	NO		(↓) p $<$ 0.05	[12]
Eight-week-old Zucker rats (n = 12)	10 m/min (3 min) and 18 m/min (4 min) alternating 6 sets	5 d/w, 10 w	Treadmill training	SOD	5.82 $\pm$ 0.74 vs. 7.13 $\pm$ 0.51 µmol· ${}^{−1}$ ${}^{−1}$	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[45]
Eight-week-old Zucker rats (n = 12)	10 m/min (3 min) and 18 m/min (4 min) alternating 6 sets	5 d/w, 10 w	Treadmill training	GPx	2.09 $\pm$ 0.90 vs. 3.29 $\pm$ 1.38 µmol· ${}^{−1}$ ${}^{−1}$	(↑) p $<$ 0.05	[45]

$\uparrow{}$ indicates increase, $\downarrow{}$ indicates decrease. ${}_{\text{max}}$ , maximal heart rate; FMD, flow-mediated dilatation; ET-1, endothelin-1; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine; HRR, heart rate in reserve; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; MDA-LDL, malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ${}_{\text{2max}}$ , maximal oxygen uptake; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; 1RM, one-repetition maximum; PPO, peak power ouput; h/d, hour/day; d/w, day/week; ${}_{\text{X}}$ , nitrites and nitrates.