Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the modified ITT population and the subgroup discordant for definition of GDM*.
| mITT population | Subgroup discordant for definition of GDM* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWE-GDM criteria (n = 22 797) |
WHO-2013 criteria (n = 24 283) |
SWE-GDM criteria (n = 956) |
WHO-2013 criteria (n = 1 239) |
|||||
| Maternal characteristics | n | n | n | n | ||||
| Age at childbirth, years | 22 797 | 31.6 (28–35) |
24 283 |
31.3 (28–35) |
956 | 32.8 (29–36) |
1 239 | 32.8 (29–36) |
| Body height at first visit, cm | 22 079 | 166 (162–170) |
23 495 | 166 (161–170) |
933 | 166 (162–170) |
1 222 | 165 (160–170) |
| Body weight at first visit, kg | 21 655 | 66 (59–75) |
23 041 |
66 (59–75) |
922 | 86 (70–100) |
1 204 | 83 (69–98) |
| BMI at first visit, kg/m 2 | 21 591 | 23.7 (21.5–27.0) |
23 041 | 23.9 (21.6–27.3) |
922 | 30.9 (25.6–35.9) |
1 202 | 30.4 (25.6–35.8) |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 547 (2.5) |
620 (2.7) |
5 (0.5) |
7 (0.6) |
||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 12 705 (58.8) |
13 157 (57.1) |
192 (20.8) |
257 (21.4) |
||||
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 5 458 (25.3) |
5 908 (25.6) |
212 (23.0) |
300 (25.0) |
||||
| Obesity class I (30.0–34.9) | 2 039 (9.4) |
2 289 (9.9) |
211 (22.9) |
273 (22.7) |
||||
| Obesity class II (35.0–39.9) | 620 (2.9) |
760 (3.3) |
219 (23.8) |
254 (21.1) |
||||
| Obesity class III (≥40.0) | 222 (1.0) |
307 (1.3) |
83 (9.0) |
111 (9.2) |
||||
| Parity † | 22 797 | 24 282 | 956 | 1 239 | ||||
| 0 | 9 784 (42.9) |
9 889 (40.7) |
304 (31.8) |
370 (30.0) |
||||
| 1 | 8 537 (37.4) |
9 051 (37.3) |
369 (38.6) |
463 (37.4) |
||||
| 2 | 3 157 (13.8) |
3 590 (14.8) |
180 (18.8) |
235 (19.0) |
||||
| 3 | 859 (3.8) |
1 114 (4.6) |
54 (5.6) |
112 (9.0) |
||||
| ≥4 | 463 (2.0) |
638 (2.6) |
49 (5.1) |
59 (4.8) |
||||
| Chronic hypertension ‡ | 22 797 | 182 (0.7) |
24 283 | 202 (0.7) |
966 | 23 (2.4) |
1 239 | 17 (1.4) |
| Smoking at first visit | 21 810 | 23 139 | 937 | 1 206 | ||||
| No | 21 094 (96.7) |
22 309 (96.1) |
880 (94.9) |
1 144 (94.9) |
||||
| 1–9 cig/day | 597 (2.7) |
668 (2.9) |
37 (4.0) |
51 (4.2) |
||||
| ≥10 cig/day | 119 (0.6) |
162 (0.7) |
10 (1.1) |
11 (0.9) |
||||
| Swedish snuff at first visit | 22 741 | 191 (0.8) |
24 085 | 236 (1.0) |
955 | 8 (0.8) |
1 232 | 18 (1.5) |
| Country of birth § | 22 790 | 24 281 | 956 | 1 239 | ||||
| Sweden | 15 592 (68.4) |
16 444 (67.7) |
588 (61.5) |
670 (54.1) |
||||
| Europe except Sweden | 2 380 (10.4) |
2 459 (10.1) |
98 (10.2) |
129 (10.4) |
||||
| Middle East and North Africa | 2 261 (9.9) |
2 494 (10.3) |
139 (14.5) |
187 (15.1) |
||||
| North America and Caribbean | 101 (0.4) |
114 (0.5) |
3 (0.3) |
4 (0.3) |
||||
| South and Central America | 303 (1.3) |
288 (1.2) |
14 (1.5) |
16 (1.3) |
||||
| Africa | 1 256 (5.5) |
1 562 (6.4) |
77 (8.0) |
135 (10.9) |
||||
| South East Asia | 290 (1.3) |
318 (1.3) |
18 (1.9) |
54 (4.4) |
||||
| Western Pacific | 607 (2.7) |
602 (2.5) |
19 (2.0) |
44 (3.5) |
||||
| Highest education, years | 21 982 | 23 512 | 921 | 1 190 | ||||
| <9 (school education) | 678 (3.1) |
858 (3.6) |
49 (5.3) |
85 (7.1) |
||||
| 9 (school education) | 1 231 (5.6) |
1 451 (6.2) |
65 (7.1) |
106 (8.9) |
||||
| 10–11 (school education) | 1 530 (7.0) |
1 688 (7.2) |
79 (8.6) |
139 (11.7) |
||||
| 12 (school education) | 5 171 (23.5) |
5 980 (25.4) |
248 (26.9) |
308 (25.9) |
||||
| <3 (college/university) | 3 455 (15.7) |
3 498 (14.9) |
145 (15.7) |
164 (13.8) |
||||
| ≥3 (college/university) | 9 678 (44.0) |
9 746 (41.4) |
323 (35.1) |
378 (31.8) |
||||
| Doctor/licentiate degree | 239 (1.1) |
291 (1.2) |
12 (1.3) |
10 (0.8) |
||||
| Plasma glucose in OGTT group, mmol/L, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| Fasting | 3 085 | 5.0 (0.8) |
3 733 | 5.0 (0.7) |
956 | 5.4 (0.4) |
1 239 | 5.5 (0.5) |
| 1-h | 80 | 8.0 (2.1) |
3 042 | 8.2 (2.0) |
21 | 7.8 (1.4) |
1 085 | 9.3 (1.8) |
| 2-h | 3 040 | 7.1 (2.0) |
3 659 | 7.0 (1.8) |
945 | 7.1 (1.3) |
1 210 | 8.0 (1.8) |
| HbA1c in GDM group, mean (SD) | 288 | 37.6 (6.6) |
746 | 34.9 (5.1) |
NA | 637 | 34.5 (4.2) |
|
| Neonatal characteristics | 22 738 | 24 227 | 951 | 1 238 | ||||
| Boy | 11 665 (51.3) |
12 328 (51.0) |
493 (51.8) |
632 (51.0) |
||||
| Girl | 11 073 (48.7) |
11 899 (49.1) |
458 (48.2) |
606 (49.0) |
||||
Data are n (%) or median (IQR) unless stated otherwise.
*The cohort of women with fasting and 2-h plasma glucose cut off between the WHO-2013 and SWE-GDM criteria (fasting plasma glucose 5.1–6.9 and/or 2-h plasma glucose 8.5–8.8/8.9/9.9 mmol/L), untreated before and treated after the switch.
†Number of previous deliveries; stillbirths or live births.
‡Hypertension diagnosed before pregnancy or new onset hypertension with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg before gestational week 20.
§Grouped according to International Diabetes Federation Atlas except for having an extra category for Sweden.
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ITT, intention to treat; mITT, modified intention to treat; NA, not applicable; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SD, standard deviation; WHO, World Health Organisation.