Table 1.

Summary of clinical trials evaluating nanoparticles for treatment of brain tumors

Citation	Particle	Delivery	Mechanism	Phase	Result
Young et al. [60]	Polymeric magnetite NPs encapsulating temozolomide	CED	Chemotherapy	Large Animal Studies	7/10 canines displayed particle distribution within tumor. Potential clinical improvement in 2 animals
Maier-Hauff et al. [62]	Aminosilane coated iron-oxide NPs	Direct Injection	Thermotherapy	Phase I	All patients tolerated the infusion of magnetic nanoparticles and subsequent thermotherapy without complications.
Maier-Hauff et al. [63]	Aminosilane coated iron-oxide NPs	Direct Injection	Thermotherapy	Phase II	Median overall survival for recurrent (59/66) GBM patients was 13.4 months following first recurrence
Grauer et al. [64]	Aminosilane coated iron-oxide NPs	Coated resection cavity	Thermotherapy	Phase I	Evidence of an inflammatory reaction by histology Prolonged survival in 2/6 patients; 4/6 required surgical removal of particles
Schmid et al. [67]	Nab-paclitaxel	i.v.	Chemotherapy	Phase III	No significant survival difference seen between nab-paclitacel alone or nab-paclitacel plus atezolizumab groups in patients with brain metastasis
Enochs et al. [69]	Dextran-coated USPIO	i.v.	Imaging enhancement	Part of larger Phase III	USPIO enhancement increased gradually, peaking at 24 h, and remained sharp; distinct from gadolinium-based enhancement
Hamilton et al. [75]	Ferumoxytol	i.v.	Imaging enhancement	Pilot Study	Meningiomas with abundant TAMs did not show improved USPIO enhancement
Barajas et al. [76]	Ferumoxytol	i.v.	Imaging enhancement	Retrospective analysis	Study of 45 GBM patients demonstrates mismatch between USPIO-and Gd-enhancement to effectively discriminate progression from pseudoprogression
\Verry et al. [78]	AGuIX® (Polysiloxane matrix and gadolinium chelates based NP)	i.v.	Radiosensitizer and imaging enhancement	Phase I	Pending