Figure 1. Energetic drive limits sleep rhythm development.

(A–D) Feeding rate (# of mouth hook contractions per 5 min) of L2 controls (A) L3 raised on regular (ctrl) food (B) L3 clock mutants (C) and L3 raised on low sugar (L.S.) food (D) across the day. (E) Sleep duration at CT1 and CT13 in L3 raised on regular (ctrl) and L.S. food. (F) Arousal threshold at CT1 and CT13 in L3 raised on regular (ctrl) and L.S. food. A-D, n=18–20 larvae; E, n=29–34 larvae; (F) n=100–172 sleep episodes, 18 larvae per genotype. One-way ANOVAs followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons tests (A–D) Two-way ANOVAs followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test (E–F). For this and all other figures unless otherwise specified, data are presented as mean ± SEM; n.s., not significant, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Source data in Figure 1—source data 1.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Larvae reared on low sugar diet develop normally.

(A) Feeding amount of L2 controls, L3 raised on regular (ctrl) food, and L3 raised on low sugar (L.S.) food at CT1 and CT13. (B, C) Sleep bout number (B) and bout length (C) at CT1 and CT13 in L3 raised on regular (ctrl) and L.S. food. (D) Total body weight of early L3 (in groups of 5) raised on ctrl or L.S. food. (E) Total body length of early L3 raised on ctrl or L.S. food. (F) Developmental analysis of time to pupal formation of animals raised on ctrl or L.S. food. (G–I) Naïve OCT, AM, and quinine preference in L3 raised on ctrl and L.S. food. (B-C) n=29–34 larvae; (D) n=30 larvae per food condition; (E) n=33–40 larvae; (F) n=100–170 larvae; (G-I) n=6 PREFs (180 larvae) per genotype. Two-way ANOVAs followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test (B–C) Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests (D–E) and (G–I). Source data in Figure 1—figure supplement 1—source data 1.