Table 2.
Analysis of variance of characteristics, neuropsychological tests scores, and brain structure between consensus clusters in the normal cohort
| Characteristics | Cluster N1 n = 34 |
Cluster N2 n = 61 |
Cluster N3 n = 45 |
Cluster N4 n = 27 |
Cluster N5 n = 22 |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 66.6 ± 7.1 | 67.5 ± 6.7 | 66.5 ± 6.1 | 69.5 ± 6.6 | 69.6 ± 7.3 | .18 |
| Male, N(%) | 13 (38) | 22 (36) | 16 (36) | 7 (26) | 14 (64) | .091 |
| Education years, mean ± SD | 13.1 ± 3.4 | 12.1 ± 4.4 | 13.3 ± 3.6 | 11.3 ± 3.4 | 11.2 ± 3.9 | .080 |
| Smoking ever, N(%) | 2 (7) | 15 (26) | 6 (14) | 2 (8) | 7 (33) | .034 |
| Drinking ever, N(%) | 3 (10)a | 21 (36) | 14 (33) | 5 (20) | 11 (52)a | .011 |
| BMI, mean ± SD | 24.6 ± 3.8 | 23.9 ± 3.8 | 24.7 ± 4.1 | 23.4 ± 3.6 | 24.7 ± 5.1 | .57 |
| Diabetes mellitus, N(%) | 5 (17) | 10 (17) | 12 (29) | 3 (12) | 4 (19) | .48 |
| Hypertension, N(%) | 9 (30) | 24 (42) | 16 (38) | 9 (36) | 8 (38) | .87 |
| Score, mean ± SD | n = 34 | n = 61 | n = 45 | n = 27 | n = 22 | P-value |
| MMSE | 27.8 ± 2.1 | 28.4 ± 1.7 | 27.9 ± 2.3 | 28.7 ± 1.4 | 28.4 ± 2.0 | .27 |
| LMII | 21.5 ± 5.9 | 20.2 ± 6.9 | 22.2 ± 8.2 | 22.7 ± 6.3 | 19.6 ± 7.8 | .34 |
| LMI | 37.4 ± 8.1 | 35.1 ± 9.7 | 38.1 ± 9.4 | 37.6 ± 8.0 | 33.2 ± 12.3 | .22 |
| DS | 28.3 ± 4.4 | 26.7 ± 5.7 | 26.2 ± 5.7 | 27.2 ± 5.6 | 26.5 ± 4.3 | .54 |
| DSST | 66.2 ± 14.0 | 61.2 ± 16.6 | 70.2 ± 17.0aa | 58.7 ± 18.2a | 54.9 ± 16.5a | .002 |
| CTT1 (s) | 47.1 ± 15.4 | 53.1 ± 18.0 | 57.6 ± 33.8 | 60.6 ± 31.8 | 57.9 ± 19.9 | .20 |
| VF | 39.4 ± 6.7a | 38.7 ± 8.5 | 37.9 ± 7.0 | 37.3 ± 6.2 | 33.5 ± 7.5a | .043 |
| CTT2 (s) | 105.1 ± 33.9 | 114.8 ± 39.4 | 109.2 ± 48.2 | 135.6 ± 55.9 | 129.8 ± 45.6 | .035 |
| SCWT-interference | 78.2 ± 14.8 | 79.1 ± 15.2 | 80.0 ± 17.7 | 78.4 ± 17.6 | 70.3 ± 12.0 | .18 |
| Memory | 0.04 ± 0.83 | −0.14 ± 0.97 | 0.14 ± 1.16 | 0.22 ± 0.89 | −0.22 ± 1.10 | .34 |
| Attention | 0.21 ± 0.49 | −0.05 ± 0.75 | 0.09 ± 0.81 | −0.08 ± 0.73 | −0.25 ± 0.77 | .15 |
| Executive function | 0.17 ± 0.51a | 0.01 ± 0.66 | 0.06 ± 0.61 | −0.06 ± 0.77 | −0.34 ± 0.69a | .065 |
| Volume, cm3, mean ± SD | n = 28 | n = 57 | n = 45 | n = 27 | n = 21 | P-value |
| Total brain volume | 1072.2 ± 87.9 | 1052.5 ± 92.9 | 1053.1 ± 93.3 | 1042.3 ± 91.4 | 1086.1 ± 90.3 | .44 |
| Ventricle | 21.4 ± 6.1aa | 30.0 ± 14.7a | 28.8 ± 13.2 | 28.3 ± 11.5 | 33.9 ± 12.5a | .010 |
| Cortex | 433.3 ± 34.8 | 430.8 ± 36.0 | 432.2 ± 33.6 | 425.5 ± 36.7 | 438.8 ± 36.7 | .78 |
| Gray matter | 594.0 ± 44.7 | 590.2 ± 46.7 | 591.1 ± 42.4 | 581.1 ± 47.2 | 604.8 ± 47.0 | .50 |
| White matter | 450.6 ± 50.0 | 435.2 ± 49.8 | 435.0 ± 53.2 | 435.8 ± 49.1 | 454.6 ± 49.7 | .39 |
| Hippocampus | 8.4 ± 0.9 | 8.0 ± 0.8 | 8.1 ± 0.7 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | 8.0 ± 1.0 | .16 |
| Entorhinal | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | .90 |
| Amygdala | 3.3 ± 0.4a | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.3 | 3.0 ± 0.3a | 3.1 ± 0.4 | .037 |
| Thickness, mm, mean ± SD | n = 28 | n = 57 | n = 45 | n = 27 | n = 21 | P-value |
| AD-score | 2.53 ± 0.11 | 2.55 ± 0.11a | 2.52 ± 0.08 | 2.51 ± 0.07 | 2.47 ± 0.10a | .025 |
BMI, body max index; LM, Logical Memory Test; DS, Digit Span; VF, Semantic Verbal Fluency; SCWT, Stroop Color and Word Test.
aThere is a significant difference (P-value < .05) between groups after ANOVA post-hoc tests under Bonferroni correction.