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. 2024 Jul 19;14(7):1095–1105. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i7.1095

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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Duodenal motility and neurotransmitters are impaired after prenatal valproic acid exposure. A: Duodenal motility in normal saline (NS) and valproic acid (VPA) offspring at different phases of migrating motor complex (MMC); B and C: Duration of MMC phases I + II (B) and III (C) in NS and VPA offspring groups (NS offspring group n = 8, VPA offspring group n = 8). Unpaired t test, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01; D and E: Levels of acetylcholine (D) and nitric oxide synthase (E) in NS and VPA offspring groups in the duodenum. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (normal saline offspring group n = 10, valproic acid offspring group n = 10). Unpaired t test, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001. NA: Normal saline; VPA: Valproic acid; MMC: Migrating motor complex; ACh: Acetylcholine; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase.