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Pathophysiologic mechanisms of statins on vascular calcification. (A) Anti-inflammatory effect and vascular calcification promotion. (B) Direct vascular calcification promotion. OPN, osteopontin; OPG, osteoprotegerin; NF-B, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; IL-1, interleukin-1; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.
