TABLE 4.

Costs of Next-Generation Sequencing machines and it is panels.

General overview – machines	Cost a
Benchtop Sequencers	Entry-level benchtop sequencers are more affordable, typically ranging from $50,000 to $200,000. Examples include Illumina’s MiSeq and Thermo Fisher Scientific’s Ion Torrent series
Mid-Range Sequencers	Mid-range sequencers offer higher throughput and capabilities, with prices ranging from $200,000 to $750,000. Examples include Illumina’s NextSeq and NovaSeq systems
High-End Sequencers	High-end sequencers, such as Illumina’s HiSeq and Pacific Biosciences’ (PacBio) Sequel systems, offer the highest throughput and performance but come with a higher price tag. These systems can cost upwards of $1 million to several million dollars
Nanopore Sequencers	Nanopore sequencers, like Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ MinION and PromethION, offer portable and real-time sequencing capabilities at a relatively lower cost compared to traditional NGS platforms. Prices for nanopore sequencers range from a few thousand dollars to over $1 million, depending on the model and configuration

Panel size and technicalities	Cost a
Larger genomic panels – covering a broader range of genes	Between $300 and $1,500 per sample
Deeper sequencing – enhances the detection of rare mutations	Additional $100–$500 per sample
Sample Throughput – batch processing multiple samples simultaneously can reduce the cost per sample	Range from $200 to $800 per sample
Bioinformatics Analysis	Additional $100–$500 per sample
Quality Control	Additional $50–$200 per sample
Overall Cost	Range from approximately $1,250–$5,000 per sample

^a Internal source of costs.