Table 1.
Selected baseline characteristics of patients before and after propensity score matching
| Before PS matching | After PS matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 34,897) | DPP-4 inhibitors (n = 135,311) | ASD | SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 31,665) | DPP-4 inhibitors (n = 31,665) | ASD | |
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 24,479 (70.1) | 96,319 (71.2) | 0.023 | 22,400 (70.7) | 22,387 (70.7) | 0.001 |
| Mean (SD) age, years | ||||||
| Age, n (%) | 50.94 (9.66) | 55.76 (9.47) | 0.503 | 51.06 (9.61) | 51.09 (9.84) | 0.003 |
| < 40 years | 4132 (11.8) | 7231 (5.3) | 0.233 | 3683 (11.6) | 3582 (11.3) | 0.010 |
| 40–64 years | 28,357 (81.3) | 104,473 (77.2) | 0.100 | 25,736 (81.3) | 25,935 (81.9) | 0.016 |
| ≥ 65 years | 2408 (6.9) | 23,607 (17.4) | 0.327 | 2246 (7.1) | 2148 (6.8) | 0.012 |
| Diabetic complications | ||||||
| Nephropathy, n (%) | 4660 (13.4) | 13,690 (10.1) | 0.101 | 3751 (11.8) | 3636 (11.5) | 0.011 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 4357 (12.5) | 14,858 (11.0) | 0.047 | 3483 (11.0) | 3402 (10.7) | 0.008 |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 1363 (3.9) | 4470 (3.3) | 0.032 | 982 (3.1) | 979 (3.1) | 0.001 |
| Diabetic medications | ||||||
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors, n (%) | 2586 (7.4) | 15,239 (11.3) | 0.133 | 2130 (6.7) | 2203 (7.0) | 0.009 |
| Meglitinides, n (%) | 847 (2.4) | 3846 (2.8) | 0.026 | 619 (2.0) | 606 (1.9) | 0.003 |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | 3668 (10.5) | 26,442 (19.5) | 0.255 | 2957 (9.3) | 2863 (9.0) | 0.010 |
| Biguanides, n (%) | 14,000 (40.1) | 44,788 (33.1) | 0.146 | 11,622 (36.7) | 11,446 (36.1) | 0.012 |
| Thiazolidinediones, n (%) | 2235 (6.4) | 8468 (6.3) | 0.006 | 1779 (5.6) | 1827 (5.8) | 0.007 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists, n (%) | 3432 (9.8) | 377 (0.3) | 0.447 | 442 (1.4) | 373 (1.2) | 0.019 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 4920 (14.1) | 12,115 (9.0) | 0.162 | 3570 (11.3) | 3504 (11.1) | 0.007 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 20,732 (59.4) | 69,149 (51.1) | 0.168 | 18,522 (58.5) | 18,446 (58.3) | 0.005 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 3806 (10.9) | 13,046 (9.6) | 0.042 | 3276 (10.3) | 3206 (10.1) | 0.007 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 3078 (8.8) | 8601 (6.4) | 0.093 | 2669 (8.4) | 2616 (8.3) | 0.006 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 731 (2.1) | 2973 (2.2) | 0.007 | 644 (2.0) | 606 (1.9) | 0.009 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 659 (1.9) | 2842 (2.1) | 0.015 | 574 (1.8) | 544 (1.7) | 0.007 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 10,967 (31.4) | 33,839 (25.0) | 0.143 | 9921 (31.3) | 9862 (31.1) | 0.004 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 2776 (8.0) | 12,545 (9.3) | 0.047 | 2405 (7.6) | 2302 (7.3) | 0.012 |
| Peripheral artery disease, n (%) | 2543 (7.3) | 9019 (6.7) | 0.024 | 2159 (6.8) | 2188 (6.9) | 0.004 |
| COPD, n (%) | 116 (0.3) | 719 (0.5) | 0.030 | 108 (0.3) | 117 (0.4) | 0.005 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 3834 (11.0) | 11,077 (8.2) | 0.095 | 3454 (10.9) | 3446 (10.9) | 0.001 |
| Autoimmune disease, n (%) | 2352 (6.7) | 9112 (6.7) | < 0.001 | 2190 (6.9) | 2229 (7.0) | 0.005 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 1147 (3.3) | 6855 (5.1) | 0.089 | 1009 (3.2) | 996 (3.1) | 0.002 |
| Psychiatric disease, n (%) | 3970 (11.4) | 12,727 (9.4) | 0.065 | 3573 (11.3) | 3577 (11.3) | < 0.001 |
| Trauma, n (%) | 1889 (5.4) | 6959 (5.1) | 0.012 | 1714 (5.4) | 1704 (5.4) | 0.001 |
| Comedications | ||||||
| Immunosuppressants, n (%) | 221 (0.6) | 1344 (1.0) | 0.040 | 204 (0.6) | 197 (0.6) | 0.003 |
| Oral corticosteroids, n (%) | 2301 (6.6) | 8785 (6.5) | 0.004 | 2137 (6.7) | 2152 (6.8) | 0.002 |
| β-blockers, n (%) | 3551 (10.2) | 11,488 (8.5) | 0.058 | 3162 (10.0) | 3115 (9.8) | 0.005 |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 8936 (25.6) | 38,000 (28.1) | 0.056 | 8096 (25.6) | 8092 (25.6) | < 0.001 |
| RAAS inhibitors, n (%) | 10,123 (29.0) | 38,921 (28.8) | 0.005 | 8932 (28.2) | 8785 (27.7) | 0.010 |
| Antithrombotics, n (%) | 3170 (9.1) | 15,553 (11.5) | 0.079 | 2765 (8.7) | 2657 (8.4) | 0.012 |
| Antilipidemics, n (%) | 16,727 (47.9) | 61,928 (45.8) | 0.043 | 14,746 (46.6) | 14,807 (46.8) | 0.004 |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 7373 (21.1) | 23,590 (17.4) | 0.094 | 6773 (21.4) | 6911 (21.8) | 0.011 |
PS propensity score, ASD absolute standardized mean difference, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system