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. 2024 Jul 22;14:15843. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66147-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cognitive bias testing layout. (a) Photo of the testing room showing the start location marked by red tape, the jar containing the odour cloth, the screen and five possible bowl locations: P = positive, NP = near-positive, M = middle, NN = near-negative, N = negative. The green bowl used is shown at the N location. (b) Scale diagram showing the distance between the start location and bowl locations. (c) View of the testing room from the start location, showing the position of the jar, screen, and bowl locations. The bowl was placed either at the P (rewarded) or N (unrewarded) location in the training phase and either at the NP, M, or NN location (unrewarded) in the testing phase. (d) Close-up of the jar containing a blank cloth or cloth with stress or relax odour attached using clamps to the chair at the start location.